Table 3.
Differences in insulin dynamics by vegetable intake quartiles in a cross-sectional sample of overweight Latino youth 8–18 years a, b, c
| All vegetables
| |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartiles of intake | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-value (between group comparisons) |
| servings | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.2) | 2.5 (1.2) | |
| n | 43 | 44 | 44 | 44 | |
|
| |||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 90.1 (6.6) | 92.3 (7.0) | 90.8 (6.3) | 90.0 (6.7) | ns |
|
| |||||
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 16.8 (11.6) | 17.7 (12.3) | 16.5 (11.3) | 16.8 (11.9) | ns |
|
| |||||
| HOMA-IR (×10−4 · min−1 · μU−1 · mL−1) | 3.9 (2.9) | 4.1 (3.0) | 3.6 (2.8) | 3.8 (2.9) | ns |
|
| |||||
| SI (×10−4 × min−1 × mU−1 × mL−1) | 1.7 (2.0) | 2.2 (2.1) | 1.8 (2.0) | 1.9 (2.0) | ns |
|
| |||||
| AIR (mU/mL × 10 min) | 1810.6 (1001.0) | 1104.2 (1061.7) | 1022.3 (1015.1) | 1354.9 (1019.0) | <0.01 d (Q1–Q2: p=0.04 Q1–Q3: p<0.01) |
|
| |||||
| Disposition index (×10−4/min) | 2142.2 (1230.2) | 1855.9 (1304.8) | 1851.2 (1247.3) | 2064.6 (1252.0) | ns |
| Non-starchy vegetables
| |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartiles of intake | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-value (between group comparisons) |
| servings | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) | 1.7 (1.0) | |
| n | 43 | 44 | 44 | 44 | |
|
| |||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 90.2 (6.7) | 91.0 (6.8) | 91.8 (6.4) | 89.8 (6.7) | ns |
|
| |||||
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 16.3 (11.7) | 17.0 (11.9) | 16.9 (11.4) | 17.4 (11.7) | ns |
|
| |||||
| HOMA-IR (×10−4 · min−1 · μU−1 · mL−1) | 3.8 (2.9) | 3.9 (2.9) | 3.8 (2.8) | 3.9 (2.9) | ns |
|
| |||||
| SI (×10−4 × min−1 × mU−1 × mL−1) | 1.6 (2.0) | 2.4 (2.0) | 1.7 (2.0) | 2.0 (2.0) | ns |
|
| |||||
| AIR (mU/mL × 10 min) | 1874.1 (1001.9) | 1114.6 (1044.7) | 1152.5 (1001.9) | 1200.5 (1003.1) | 0.01 d (Q1–Q2: p=0.03 Q1–Q3: p=0.01 Q1–Q4: p=0.04) |
|
| |||||
| Disposition index (×10−4/min) | 2027.6 (1245.4) | 1940.3 (1298.2) | 1950.1 (1245.3) | 2026.1 (1246.7) | ns |
| Nutrient-rich vegetables
| |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-consumers | Consumers | p-value | |||
| servings | 0.0 (0.00) | 0.3 (0.4) | |||
| n | 68 | 107 | |||
|
| |||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 89.6 (5.4) | 91.5 (4.3) | ns | ||
|
| |||||
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 17.1 (9.4) | 16.8 (7.6) | ns | ||
|
| |||||
| HOMA-IR (×10−4 · min−1· μU−1 · mL−1) | 3.8 (2.3) | 3.8 (1.9) | ns | ||
|
| |||||
| SI (×10−4 × min−1 × mU−1 × mL−1) | 1.6 (1.6) | 2.1 (1.3) | 0.03 d | ||
|
| |||||
| AIR (mU/mL × 10 min) | 1588.0 (854.0) | 1191.0 (685.6) | 0.05 | ||
|
| |||||
| Disposition index (×10−4/min) | 2001.5 (1015.7) | 1978.5 (815.8) | ns | ||
a
All vegetable categories exclude fried.
b
Data are mean (SD), p-values were determined using ANCOVA, with a Tukey adjustment for multiple comparisons between groups. All data are adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, and body fat mass.
c
AIR: Acute insulin response, HOMA-IR: Homeostasis assessment model of insulin resistance, SI: Insulin sensitivity.
d
Significant relationships are preserved when means are further adjusted for fiber.