Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Distance to Major Roadway at Enrollment Home Address Data from 1,263 mother-infant pairs participating in Project Viva.
| <100m | 100 - <200m | 200 - <1,000m | ≥1,000m | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=88) | (n=78) | (n=422) | (n=675) | |
|
|
||||
| Mean (SD) or % | ||||
| Mother | ||||
| Maternal race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 63.6 | 71.8 | 72.1 | 79.0 |
| African American | 13.6 | 16.7 | 12.1 | 8.9 |
| Hispanic | 5.7 | 6.4 | 5.5 | 4.8 |
| Other | 17.0 | 5.1 | 10.2 | 7.3 |
| College grad | 73.9 | 78.2 | 73.8 | 71.8 |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 12.5 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 10.1 |
| Duration of any breastfeeding (months) | 6.2 (4.4) | 7.2 (4.5) | 6.9 (4.5) | 6.0 (4.6) |
| Household | ||||
| ETS at home after birth* | 18.2 | 16.7 | 13.0 | 16.3 |
| More than 1 child under 12 years | 79.6 | 71.8 | 77.1 | 81.0 |
| Census tract median annual income ($) | 57,267 (24,930) | 55,989 (24,697) | 58,038 (20,671) | 60,800 (19,374) |
| Census tract % no high school | 11.9 (11.6) | 14.1 (12.7) | 13.3 (9.8) | 11.5 (7.7) |
| Child | ||||
| Female child | 56.8 | 53.9 | 47.4 | 47.1 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.4 (1.8) | 39.5 (1.8) | 39.5 (1.9) | 39.5 (1.8) |
| Z value BW for GA† (units) | 0.02 (0.81) | 0.34 (0.85) | 0.18 (0.93) | 0.28 (0.98) |
| Season of birth | ||||
| Winter | 22.7 | 19.2 | 25.6 | 26.8 |
| Spring | 21.6 | 24.4 | 26.3 | 27.3 |
| Summer | 28.4 | 30.8 | 27.0 | 24.9 |
| Fall | 27.3 | 25.6 | 21.1 | 21.0 |
| Childcare attendance | 69.0 | 61.8 | 60.4 | 57.5 |
| Respiratory infection | 65.9 | 57.7 | 50.0 | 53.4 |
*
ETS = environmental tobacco smoke, defined here as any smoker living in the household
†
BW for GA = birthweight for gestational age