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. 2014 Sep 21;14:344. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-344

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© Yim et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Identification of the relationship between MAPK activation and the anti-proliferative effect of GBT on A431 cells. (A) The activation of MAPKs and p53- Ser¹⁵P induced by GBT for the indicated times (0.25, 0.5, 1, 6, 12, and 24 h). Band intensity compared to untreated cells was calculated using ImageJ after normalization to GAPDH expression. The data represent two independent experiments. (B) The investigation of anti-proliferative effect of GBT for 48 h using the MAPK cascade inhibitors PD98059 (10 μM), SB203580 (10 μM), and SP600125 (10 μM). Cell morphology was observed under a phase-contrast microscope and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The results show the means ± SD of two independent triplicate experiments. ^** P<0.01 versus untreated control cells; and ^# P<0.05 and ^## P<0.01 versus cells treated with GBT only.