Table 6.
Summary of identified metabolites in atherosclerosis
| Metabolites | Change | Sources or pathways | Species of study | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MET193 , MET221 Metabolites of CH2 chain and CH3 chain fatty acids |
↑ |
CH2 chain and CH3 chain groups of fatty acid in LDL and VLDL |
human plasma and human serum |
16344383, 12447357, 12572799 |
| glucose, lactate, urea and valine |
↑ |
Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism |
human plasma |
20425260, 19813770 |
| 3-OH-butyrate, acetoacetate, palmitate, stearate, 11-transoctadecenoate, linoleate, and D-glycerol |
↑ |
Increased lipolysis and decreased lipogenesis, β-oxidation and deficient insulin signaling |
human plasma |
19813770 |
| 2-hydroxybutyrate |
↑ |
Decreased L-threonine |
human plasma |
19813770 |
| Oxidized 1-Cys- peroxiredoxin |
↑ |
Increased oxidative stress |
ApoE -/- mouse and mouse aortic sooth muscle cells |
16123314 |
| γ-aminobutyric acid, MET288, citrulline, argininosuccinate, oxaloacetate |
↓ |
Preservation of citric acid metabolism intermediates |
human-plasma |
16344383 |
| 4-hydroxyproline (4OH-Pro), citric acid, aspartic acid, fructose, |
↓ |
Amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, deficient protection of 4OH-pro in vascular wall |
human plasma |
19813770 20425260 |
| D-fructose, pyruvate, myoinostol , medium-chain fatty acids (hexanoate and laurate) |
↓ |
Impaired insulin sensitivity, glycolysis and glycogenogenesis; increased lipolysis and decreased lipogenesis |
human plasma |
19813770 |
| reduced 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, alanine, and NADPH generating malic enzyme |
↓ |
Increased oxidative stress Reduced equivalents for lipid synthesis and glutathione recycling |
ApoE -/- mouse and mouse aortic smooth muscle cells |
16123314 16240290 |
| Cholesterol, LDL and VLDL |
↑ |
Activated inflammatory pathways, then upregulation of regulators: mitogen-activated protein kinases |
ApoE*3Leiden mouse ApoE -/- mouse |
16123314 17892536 |
| Xanthine, ascorbate |
↑ |
Plaque formation of vessels Stress induced more ascorbate production and oxidative stress |
ApoE -/- mouse urine |
19565469 |
| Ursodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, lysoPC (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1) |
↑ |
Abnormal metabolism of bile acids and amino acids |
atherosclerosis rat plasma |
19576453 |
| Hippuric acid |
↑ |
Abnormal metabolism of bile acids and amino acids |
atherosclerosis rat urine |
19576453 |
| HDL |
↓ |
Decreased inhibition of inflammatory pathways |
ApoE*3Leiden mouse ApoE -/- mouse |
16123314 17892536 |
| Leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, acetylcarnitine, butyrylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine, spermine |
↓ |
Abnormal metabolism of amino acids |
Atherosclerotic rat plasma |
19576453 |
| 3-O-Methyl-dopa, ethyl N2-acetyl-L-argininate, leucylproline, glucuronate, N6-threonylcarbonyl-adenosin and methyl-hippuric acid | ↓ | Abnormal metabolism of amino acids, phenylalanine, tryptophan and bile acids | atherosclerosis rat urine | 19576453 |
↑: Increased; ↓: Decreased.