Table 7.
Summary of identified metabolites in diabetes or obesity
| Metabolites | Change | Sources or pathway | Species of study | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyceriphophphoetanolami-ne, diacyl-phophatidylethanolamine |
↑ |
Impaired phospholipid metabolism |
diabetic patient plasma |
15987116 |
| Lyso-PCs* |
↑ |
Lipid metabolism |
diabetic patient plasma |
15987116 |
| VLDL* |
↑ |
Lipoprotein abnormalities |
Pre-diabetic patient plasma |
15983261 |
| Fatty acids (C18:2, C16:1, C20:4 and C22:4); saturated free fatty acid palmitate and stearate,; unsaturated Oleate-. |
↑ |
Decreased metabolism of LysoPC*, uric acid and tricarboxylic acid cycle |
Pre-diabetic patient plasma |
20676218 |
| Arachidonic acids, non-esterified fatty acids |
↑ |
Anabolism of prostaglandins Modulators of inflammatory processes |
diabetic patient plasma |
21338761 |
| isoleucine, leucine, valine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine |
↑ |
Abnormal metabolism of branched chain and aromatic amino acid |
Pre-diabetic and diabetic patient plasma |
21423183 |
| HDL* |
↓ |
Lipoprotein abnormalities |
Pre-diabetic patient plasma |
15983261 |
| Glycerol, leucine/isoleucine |
↓ |
Lipolysis and proteolysis, |
Pre-diabetic patient plasma |
18682704, 20976215 |
| Esterified fatty acids |
↓ |
Cellular self-repair mechanism |
diabetic patient plasma |
21338761 |
| phenylalanine |
↑ |
Impaired regulation of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene by Hnf1α gene |
Insulin resistance patient, Type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse (Hnf1α-null mouse) and rats, type 1 diabetic rats |
20943816, 20150186, 21440515, 22546713 |
| C3, C5, C6, and C8:1 acylcarnitines |
↑ |
Increased catabolism of a branched-chain amino acid |
Obesity patients serum |
19356713 |
| Stearic acid |
↑ |
Change of serum phospholipid contents |
Obesity patients serum |
20560578 |
| LysoPC* (C14:0, C18:0) |
↑ |
Abnormal metabolism of BCAA*, aromatic amino acids, and fatty acid synthesis and oxidation |
Overweight/obesity human |
20560578 22266733 |
| Sulfur amino acids, tyrosine |
↑ |
Partial BCAA catabolism |
Metabolic syndrome patient |
19357637 |
| Farnesoid X receptor |
↑ |
Superfamily of ligand-activated nuclear receptor transcription factors |
Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance patient |
19126757 |
| Oleic acid |
↓ |
Change of serum phospholipid contents |
Obesity patients serum |
20560578 |
| LysoPC* (C18:1) |
↓ |
Abnormal metabolism of BCAA*, aromatic amino acids, and fatty acid synthesis and oxidation |
Overweight/obesity human |
20560578 22266733 |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid | ↓ | Metabolism of essential fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids | Patient of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus | 16892270 |
↑: Increased; ↓: Decreased.