Figure 4. Effect of removing flowers from plants on predation by C. lividipennis.

Adult predators were confined with brown planthopper nymphs plus either a flowering plant, a plant from which flowers and flower buds were removed or no plant material and mortality assessed after 10 days. A fourth treatment in each experiment had no predator so provided an estimate of background nymph mortality allowing a corrected mortality to be calculated for the other three treatments (see text for explanation). A: T. procumbens; B: E. sonchifolia; C: T. erecta; D: S. indicum.