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Portal locations. Portal 1 (laparoscope) was located 2~3 cm below the umbilicus along the ventral midline (portal 1 was shifted 2~3 cm to the left in male pigs). Portals 2 and 3 were 3~5 cm cranial to portal 1 and 8~10 cm to the left and right of the ventral midline, respectively. Portal 4 was 3~5 cm cranial to portal 3 and 8~10 cm to the left of the ventral midline. These portals were used to introduce various laparoscopic instruments.
