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. 2014 Sep 29;8:75. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00075

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Copyright © 2014 Kelly and Sober.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Behavioral paradigm. (A) Online shifts in the pitch of auditory feedback were provided by miniaturized headphones. (B) Changes in mean vocal pitch in response to a 100-cent (1 semitone; see Methods) downward shift in the pitch of auditory feedback for a single representative experiment. Pitch shifts were always applied relative to current vocal production so that the difference between sung (solid line) and heard (dotted line) pitch was constant. The upward change in vocal pitch brought the heard pitch closer to the baseline value, reducing the experienced error.