FIG 5.

Topical resiquimod treatment leads to increased leukocyte numbers and activation status in spleens of both uninfected and Leishmania-infected mice. Mice were intravenously injected with either saline (uninfected) or L. infantum chagasi. After 4 days, vehicle gel (black bars) or resiquimod (0.2%; white bars) was applied to the shaved dorsal areas of mice three times a week for 4 weeks (as in Fig. 3). Mice were euthanized 28 days after infection. Single cell suspensions of splenocytes were counted, stained with antibodies against various cell surface markers, and analyzed by flow cytometry. The data are presented in millions of total cells. Error bars represent the SEM (n = 3 mice per group). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.005; ***, P < 0.0005. Vehicle was compared to resiquimod for each comparison.