FIG 5.

Effects of nsp4 on RIG-I, VISA, TRIF, and IKKβ. (A to D) Expression vectors for the signaling molecules RIG-I (A), VISA (B), TRIF (C), and IKKβ (D) and the control vector pRK5-flag were cotransfected into HeLa cells with pGL3-IFN-β-Luc, pRL-TK, and nsp4 expression plasmids. pRL-TK was used as an internal control. Twenty-four hours later, cells were harvested for luciferase activity analysis. (E to H) Experiments were performed as for panels A to D with the pGL3-NF-κB-Luc vector. Data are means and SD from three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t test. **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.