Table 4.
Bone outcomes of offspring at three months of age: serum markers, biomechanical bone strength, and bone mineral content and density.
| Bone Outcomes | HH | HL | LH | LL | Mother’s Diet | Pup’s Diet | Interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | |||||||
| RANKL (pg/mL) | 115 ± 10 a,b | 87 ± 10 a | 115 ± 9 a,b | 139 ± 10 b | 0.009 | 0.85 | 0.01 |
| OPG (pg/mL) | 1795 ± 182 | 1829 ± 182 | 1501 ± 172 | 1681 ± 193 | 0.23 | 0.56 | 0.68 |
| OPG/RANKL ratio | 16 ± 2 | 25 ± 5 | 12 ± 2 | 13 ± 2 | 0.004 | 0.06 | 0.16 |
| Femur midpoint yield load (N) | 10.1 ± 0.2 | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 9.1 ± 0.4 | 0.66 | 0.005 | 0.11 |
| Femur midpoint peak load (N) | 19.8 ± 0.6 | 18.4 ± 0.4 | 18.6 ± 0.6 | 18.2 ± 0.4 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.34 |
| Femur neck peak load (N) | 10.0 ± 0.4 | 9.6 ± 0.4 | 10.1 ± 0.4 | 9.8 ± 0.3 | 0.71 | 0.33 | 0.84 |
| LV2 peak load (N) | 45.4 ± 1.9 | 44.1 ± 1.5 | 47.3 ± 1.5 | 46.2 ± 1.4 | 0.21 | 0.45 | 0.95 |
| Whole femur BMC (mg) | 20.7 ± 0.74 | 19.8 ± 0.89 | 19.1 ± 0.73 | 19.1 ± 0.94 | 0.20 | 0.92 | 0.34 |
| Whole femur BMD (mg/mm2) | 6.49 ± 0.16 | 6.41 ± 0.19 | 6.23 ± 0.18 | 6.18 ± 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.67 | 0.92 |
| 1/3 prox. femur BMC (mg) | 7.92 ± 0.24 | 7.62 ± 0.33 | 7.27 ± 0.25 | 7.52 ± 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.92 | 0.34 |
| 1/3 prox. femur BMD (mg/mm2) | 6.95 ± 0.15 | 6.87 ± 0.18 | 6.72 ± 0.19 | 6.62 ± 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.62 | 0.96 |
| LV4 BMC (mg) | 6.20 ± 0.39 | 6.49 ± 0.21 | 5.95 ± 0.38 | 5.63 ± 0.35 | 0.10 | 0.96 | 0.36 |
| LV4 BMD (mg/mm2) | 5.48 ± 0.01 | 5.73 ± 0.16 | 5.25 ± 0.29 | 5.29 ± 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.62 | 0.72 |
| Males | |||||||
| RANKL (pg/mL) | 116 ± 10 | 119 ± 10 | 119 ± 10 | 109 ± 10 | 0.74 | 0.72 | 0.49 |
| OPG (pg/mL) | 2016 ± 214 | 1992 ± 226 | 2027 ± 240 | 2154 ± 226 | 0.70 | 0.82 | 0.74 |
| OPG/RANKL ratio | 19 ± 2 | 18 ± 4 | 20 ± 5 | 22 ± 4 | 0.52 | 0.89 | 0.77 |
| Femur midpoint yield load (N) | 10.5 ± 0.26 | 9.95 ± 0.28 | 1.50 ± 0.02 | 10.36 ± 0.36 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.91 |
| Femur midpoint peak load (N) | 21.84 ± 0.60 | 20.45 ± 0.50 | 10.83 ± 0.35 | 21.41 ± 0.76 | 0.91 | 0.43 | 0.18 |
| Femur neck peak load (N) | 9.82 ± 0.38 | 9.30 ± 0.43 | 10.82 ± 0.54 | 10.08 ± 0.58 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.82 |
| LV2 peak load (N) | 51.6 ± 1.3 | 47.4 ± 1.3 | 51.7 ± 1.5 | 49.9 ± 2.2 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.44 |
| Whole femur BMC (mg) | 20.4 ± 0.49 | 19.8 ± 1.02 | 21.8 ± 0.76 | 19.5 ± 0.66 | 0.56 | 0.07 | 0.22 |
| Whole femur BMD (mg/mm2) | 6.18 ± 0.12 | 6.11 ± 0.18 | 6.46 ± 0.17 | 5.96 ± 0.12 | 0.65 | 0.07 | 0.16 |
| 1/3 prox. femur BMC (mg) | 8.00 ± 0.22 | 7.71 ± 0.37 | 8.38 ± 0.31 | 7.64 ± 0.34 | 0.61 | 0.10 | 0.48 |
| 1/3 prox. femur BMD (mg/mm2) | 6.63 ± 0.13 | 6.53 ± 0.19 | 6.88 ± 0.18 | 6.47 ± 0.13 | 0.54 | 0.12 | 0.33 |
| LV4 BMC (mg) | 6.30 ± 0.27 | 5.60 ± 0.21 | 6.39 ± 0.39 | 5.98 ± 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.55 | 0.56 |
| LV4 BMD (mg/mm2) | 5.12 ± 0.24 | 5.04 ± 0.18 | 5.29 ± 0.28 | 4.91 ± 0.10 | 0.93 | 0.27 | 0.46 |
Data are means ± SEM. Means in a row with superscripts without a common letter differ; p ≤ 0.05. Serum bone markers (n = 9–10/group); bone strength outcomes (n = 14–16/group), BMC and BMD (n = 10/group).