Table 2.

Locations and methods that the blood pressure and flow were measured and the method in the calculation of input impedance at 0Hz (Z₀) and characteristic impedance (Z_c).

Paper	Measurement	Device	Z0 calculation method	Zc calculation method
Merillon JP 1982	Ascending aorta pressure and blood flow	Catheters with micromanometer and flowmeter sensor	P0/Q0 (P0: pressure harmonic modulus at 0 Hz, Q0: flow harmonic modulus at 0 Hz)	Averaging of all moduli of input impedance above 4 Hz
Merillon JP 1983	Same as Merillon JP 1982	Same as in Merillon JP 1982	Same as Merillon JP 1982	Same as in Merillon JP 1982
Merillon JP 1985	Left ventricular and ascending aortic pressure and aortic flow velocity	Mcromanometer mounted on catheter	80×P/CO (P: mean aortic pressure, CO: cardiac output)	ρC/πr2 (r: diastolic aortic radius, C:pulse wave velocity, ρ: density of blood
Ting CT 1986	Left ventricular and ascending aortic pressure and aortic flow velocity	Catheter with pressure and velocity sensors	(Pv-Pa)/Q (Pv: average ventricular pressure; Pa: average atrial pressure; Q: mean blood flow)	Same as in Merillon JP 1982
Ting CT 1991	same as Ting CT 1986	Same as Ting CT 1986	Same as Ting CT 1986	Same as in Merillon JP 1982
Ting CT 1993	same as Ting CT 1986	Same as Ting CT 1986	Same as Ting CT 1986	Same as in Merillon JP 1982
Ting CT 1995	Same as Ting CT 1986	Same as Ting CT 1986	Same as Ting CT 1986	Same as in Merillon JP 1982
Chang KC 1990	Ascending aorta flow velocity and pressure	Multisensor catheter	Quotient of mean aortic pressure and cardiac output	Averaging of all moduli of input impedance above 2 Hz
Nichols WW 1992	Ascending aortic blood flow velocity and aortic and left ventricular pressure	Catheter mounted with multisensors	P/Q (P: mean pressure, Q: mean flow)	Averaging of all moduli of input impedance above 2 Hz
Ferrier KE 2001	Carotid artery pressure, volumetric aortic flow	Applanation tonometry and handheld doppler velocimeter	Cardiac output derived from velocity flow was used to calculate total peripheral resistance	Averaging of all moduli of input impedance above 2 Hz
Mitchell GF 2003	Carotid artery pressure and left ventricular outflow tract flow	Tonometry and pulsed doppler	Peripheral resistance (No method was mentioned)	ΔP/ΔQ (ΔP and ΔQ: pressure and flow difference in the early systolic period)