Table 2.

Effect of contrast-leakage in predicting outcome.

	Design	Extravasation sign	No. contrast-leakage positive (%)	Total number participating	Time-frame	Outcome	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	PPV (%)	NPV (%)
In-hospital mortality
Becker et al. (36)	Retrospective	Contrast extravasation	52 (46)	113	All patients	Hospital fatality	77	73	63	84
Goldstein et al. (37)	Retrospective	Contrast extravasation	58 (56)	104	All patients	Hospital fatality	73	50	33	85
Wada et al. (16)	Retrospective	Spot sign	13 (33)	39	All patients	Hospital fatality	43	69	23	85
Delgado Almandoz et al. (33)	Retrospective	Spot sign	133 (23)	573	All patients	Hospital fatality	41	85	56	76
Li and Wang et al. (21)	Prospective	Spot sign	30 (22)	139	Within 6 h	Hospital fatality	60	81	20	96
Romero et al. (23)	Prospective	Spot sign	31 (24)	131	All patients	Hospital fatality	68	88	61	91
Rizos et al. (22)	Prospective	Spot sign	27 (27)	101	Within 6 h	Hospital fatality	47	77	26	89
90-days mortality
Li and Wang et al. (21)	Prospective	Spot sign	30 (22)	139	Within 6 h	Case fatality	50	82	27	93
Demchuk et al. (18)	Prospective	Spot sign	53 (25)	211	Within 6 h	Case fatality	43	81	43	80
Rizos et al. (22)	Prospective	Spot sign	27 (27)	101	Within 6 h	Case fatality	29	74	26	77
90-days outcome
Delgado-Almandoz et al. (33)	Retrospective	Spot sign	133 (23)	573	All patients	mRS > 3a	23	89	51	70
Li and Wang et al. (21)	Prospective	Spot sign	30 (22)	139	Within 6 h	mRS > 2	36	94	87	58
Romero et al. (23)	Prospective	Spot sign	31 (24)	131	Within 24 h	mRS > 3a	34	94	90	50
Havsteen and Ovesen et al. (38)	Prospective	Spot sign	37 (29)	128	Within 4.5 h	mRS > 4	60	86	68	81

^aBased on the surviving patients at 3 months.