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. 2014 Sep 30;8:740. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00740

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Copyright © 2014 Pickering and Pesola.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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An outline model of the relationship between underlying causes (of all kinds) and their action on: (a) self-report items used to measure a personality trait; and (b) an endophenotype (“Endo”). There are many more causes and items than are depicted. The relative weighting of the arrows from causes to measured entities (shown in rectangles) represent differing strength of causal influence. The endophenotype is affected by a smaller number of causes than the total number of causes which affect the phenotype (the trait) via its constituent trait items. Causes which affect both the endophenotype and some trait items are shaded. Error denotes measurement error. See text for more details.