Figure 6.

A diversity of entrainment types in dancers and musicians. Red arrows suggest external pacing, while purple arrows suggest mutual pacing. Black figures are leaders while white figures are followers. Regarding external pacing, the dancers are acoustically paced by the music, while the musicians are visually paced by the conductor. Mutual pacing is seen at two levels for the dancers: (1) within each couple (through both kinesthetic and visual interactions), and (2) between the “lead” couple in the center and the two outer couples (through visual interactions alone). Such pacing is non-sonorant. Mutual pacing is also seen at top among the four musicians of the ensemble, but this pacing is sonorant. In the case of mutual pacing, each individual or group of individuals can serve as both a leader and a follower, with the role alternating in an adaptive fashion. However, when individuals or groups are externally paced, they are purely followers.