Table 1.
Studies included in the meta-analyses.
| Experiments | Subjects | Contrasts | Foci | Pacing type | Hand | Fingers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albouy et al., 2012 | 30 | Tapping vs. rest, training | 12 | Self-paced | Left | Sequence |
| Aoki et al., 2005 | 10 | Index finger vs. listen | 1 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Ring finger vs. listen | 7 | Externally-paced | Right | Ring | ||
| Double finger vs. listen | 12 | Externally-paced | Right | Pairs | ||
| Aramaki et al., 2006 | 15 | Parallel vs. listen | 18 | Externally-paced | Bimanual | Pair I-M |
| Miror vs. listen | 7 | Externally-paced | Bimanual | Pair I-M | ||
| Bijsterbosch et al., 2011 | 16 | Regular vs. rest | 11 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Subliminal vs. rest | 16 | Externally-paced | Right | Index | ||
| Supraliminal vs. rest | 10 | Externally-paced | Right | Index | ||
| Blinkenberg et al., 1996 | 8 | Finger tapping vs. rest | 10 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Calautti et al., 2001, old group | 7 | RH tapping vs. listen | 4 | Externally-paced | Right | Index to thumb |
| LH tapping vs. listen | 10 | Externally-paced | Left | Index to thumb | ||
| Calautti et al., 2001, young group | 7 | RH tapping vs. listen | 10 | Externally-paced | Right | Index to thumb |
| LH tapping vs. listen | 10 | Externally-paced | Left | Index to thumb | ||
| Catalan et al., 1998, 1999 | 13 | Sequence 12 vs. listen | 9 | Externally-paced | Right | Sequence |
| Sequence 16 vs. listen, controls | 12 | Externally-paced | Right | Sequence | ||
| Chen et al., 2006 | 11 | Finger tapping 0 dB vs. silence | 7 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| De Guio et al., 2012 | 10 | Unpaced tapping vs. rest, children | 30 | Memory paced | Right | Index |
| Gerardin et al., 2000 | 8 | Motor execution vs. listen | 24 | Externally-paced | Right or left | Index or pair I-L |
| Jantzen et al., 2005 | 12 | Auditory Synchronize pacing vs. rest | 7 | Externally-paced | Right | Index to thumb |
| Jantzen et al., 2005 | 12 | Auditory Synchronize continuation vs. rest | 4 | Memory paced | Right | Index to thumb |
| Joliot et al., 1998 | 5 | Finger tapping vs. rest, PET | 13 | Self-paced | Right | Index |
| Joliot et al., 1999 | 8 | Finger tapping vs. rest, PET | 11 | Self-paced | Right | Index |
| Finger tapping vs. rest, fMRI average | 16 | Self-paced | Right | Index | ||
| Finger tapping vs. rest, fMRI correlation | 20 | Self-paced | Right | Index | ||
| Kadota et al., 2010 | 10 | Right hand tapping vs. rest | 6 | Self-paced | Right | Sequence |
| Left hand tapping vs. rest | 8 | Self-paced | Left | Sequence | ||
| Both hands tapping vs. rest | 13 | Self-paced | Bimanual | Sequence | ||
| Kawashima et al., 2000 | 8 | Memory timed finger movement vs. rest | 10 | Memory paced | Right | Index |
| Kuhtz-Buschbeck et al., 2003 | 12 | Motor execution simple RH vs. baseline | 4 | Externally-paced | Right | Index to thumb |
| Motor execution simple LH vs. baseline | 9 | Externally-paced | Left | Index to thumb | ||
| Motor execution complex RH vs. baseline | 8 | Externally-paced | Right | Sequence | ||
| Motor execution complex LH vs. baseline | 12 | Externally-paced | Left | Sequence | ||
| Kung et al., 2013 | 11 | Tap isochronous vs. silence | 15 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Larsson et al., 1996 | 8 | Self-paced movement vs. rest | 12 | Memory paced | Right | Index |
| Lehéricy et al., 2006 | 12 | Simple vs. rest | 8 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Scale vs. rest | 11 | Externally-paced | Right | Sequence | ||
| Complex vs. rest | 27 | Externally-paced | Right | Sequence | ||
| Lerner et al., 2004 | 10 | Tapping vs. listen, controls | 9 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Lissek et al., 2007 | 33 | Simple non-DH vs. rest | 14 | Self-paced | Left | Index |
| Simple DH vs. Rest | 15 | Self-paced | Right | Index | ||
| Complex non-DH vs. rest | 28 | Self-paced | Left | Sequence | ||
| Complex DH vs. rest | 37 | Self-paced | Right | Sequence | ||
| Matthys et al., 2009 | 18 | Finger tapping vs. baseline, no mirror | 13 | Memory paced | Right | Index |
| Mayville et al., 2002 | 9 | Motor only vs. rest | 5 | Memory paced | Right | Index to thumb |
| Mostofsky et al., 2006, control children | 11 | Right-handed finger sequencing vs. rest | 3 | Self-paced | Right | Sequence |
| Left-handed finger sequencing | 5 | Self-paced | Left | Sequence | ||
| Nyberg et al., 2006, group1 | 8 | Before, trained sequence vs. rest | 4 | Self-paced | Left | Sequence |
| Before, untrained sequence vs. rest | 4 | Self-paced | Left | Sequence | ||
| After, trained sequence vs. rest | 2 | Self-paced | Left | Sequence | ||
| After, untrained sequence vs. rest | 2 | Self-paced | Left | Sequence | ||
| Nyberg et al., 2006, group2 | 8 | Before, trained sequence vs. rest | 4 | Self-paced | Left | Sequence |
| Before, untrained sequence vs. rest | 4 | Self-paced | Left | Sequence | ||
| After, trained sequence vs. rest | 2 | Self-paced | Left | Sequence | ||
| After, untrained sequence vs. rest | 2 | Self-paced | Left | Sequence | ||
| Oullier et al., 2005 | 15 | Executed synchronization vs. rest | 17 | Externally-paced | Right | Index to thumb |
| Peres et al., 2011 | 15 | Finger tapping vs. rest | 19 | Self-paced | Right | Index |
| Rao et al., 1997 | 13 | Synchronization vs. rest (interval 300 ms) | 4 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Synchronization vs. rest (interval 600 ms) | 3 | Externally-paced | Right | Index | ||
| Rao et al., 1997 | 13 | Continuation vs. rest (interval 300 ms) | 7 | Memory paced | Right | Index |
| Continuation vs. rest (interval 600 ms) | 7 | Memory paced | Right | Index | ||
| Riecker et al., 2006, young group | 10 | Movement vs. listen, main effects | 6 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Riecker et al., 2006, old group | 10 | Movement vs. listen, main effects | 8 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Roessner et al., 2012, control children | 16 | Finger tapping vs. rest | 27 | Memory paced | Right | Index |
| Rounis et al., 2005 | 16 | Main effect of movement vs. listen | 17 | Externally-paced | Right | Random finger |
| Sadato et al., 1997, experiment 1 | 12 | Mirror vs. listen | 13 | Externally-paced | Bimanual | Sequence |
| Parallel vs. listen | 15 | Externally-paced | Bimanual | Sequence | ||
| Sadato et al., 1997, experiment 2 | 9 | Right unimanual vs. listen | 3 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Left unimanual vs. listen | 6 | Externally-paced | Left | Index | ||
| Bimanual mirror vs. listen | 12 | Externally-paced | Bimanual | Index | ||
| Bimanual parallel vs. listen | 13 | Externally-paced | Bimanual | Index | ||
| Thaut et al., 2008 | 12 | Polyrhythmic movements vs. listen | 26 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Isorhythmic movements vs. listen | 9 | Externally-paced | Right | Index | ||
| Vuust et al., 2006 | 18 | Tap vs. listen | 8 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Weeks et al., 2001 | 22 | Internal move vs. rest | 9 | Memory paced | Right or left | Index or middle |
| Wylie et al., 2013 | 18 | Auditory-paced finger tapping vs. rest | 5 | Externally-paced | Right | Index |
| Yoo et al., 2005 | 10 | Group-level finger tapping activation vs. rest | 17 | Externally-paced | Right | Sequence |
The studies are listed in alphabetical order by first author. Forty-three finger tapping experiments and 77 contrasts are included in the meta-analyses. The number of foci, the type of pacing, and the hand(s) and finger(s) used in the tasks are indicated for each contrast. In the Fingers column, “sequence” refers to an alternation between at least three fingers in a specific order, and “pair” refers to the tapping of two fingers simultaneously. Abbreviations: I, index finger; M, middle finger; L, little finger.