Table 5.
Incidence and causation of spinal cord injury in cities and regions
| Annual incidence (per million population) | Male:female ratio | Peak age | Causation | Level of injury | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| London, Ontario, Canada (1997–2000)20 | ∼49 in 2000 | 3:1 | Overall: 20–29 (20%) | Traffic: 47% Falls: 31% Sports: 9.3% Work: 6.6% Violence: 4.6% Suicide: 1.3% |
Cervical: 75% Thoracic: 10% Lumbar: 9% Junctions: 6% |
| Central Portugal region (1989–1992)29 | 58 | 3.4:1 | Males: 70–74 (285/million) Females: 80–84 (64/million) |
Traffic: 57.3% Falls: 37.4% Other: 5.3% |
Cervical: 51.2% Thoracic: 41% Lumbar: 7.8% |
| Hualien county, Taiwan (1986–1990)31 | 56.1 | 4:1 | Overall: 20–29 and 30–39 (19.2% each group) | Traffic: 61.6% Falls: 23.3% Sports: 6.1% Struck by object: 4% Violence: 3% Suicide: 2% |
Not specified |
| Taipei, Taiwan (1978–1981)34 | 14.6 | 4.9:1 | Overall: 20–29 (31.8%) | Traffic: 44.5% Falls: 28.5% Struck by object: 14.6% Sports: 3.4% Violence: 2.7% Suicide: 1.4% Other: 5.6% |
Cervical: 46.8% Thoracic or below: 53.2% |
| Novosibirsk, Russia (1989–1993)35 | 29.7 | 3.6:1 | Overall: 20–29 (38.3%) | Falls: 37.3% Sports: 32.9% Traffic: 25.1% Suicide: 3.1% Violence: 1.6% |
Cervical: 49.0% Thoracic: 27.5% Lumbar: 23.5% |
| Rhone-Alpes Region, France (1970–1975)14 | 12.7 | 3.7:1 | Overall: 20–30 | Traffic: 47.2% Falls: 24.25% Sports: 7.8% Struck by object: 7.5% Suicide: 4.3% Violence: 0.8% Other: 8.1% |
Only specified by causation |
| Northwestern Kentucky and Southern Indiana (1993–1998)32 | 25.2 | 3:1 | Overall: 18–24 (78.3/million) | Traffic: 54.7% Falls: 23.0% Violence: 14.2% Other: 8.1% |
Cervical: 49.7% Thoracic: 35.3% Lumbar: 15.0% |
| Olmstead County, Minnesota (1935–1981)15 | 54.8 | 2.6:1 | Not given | Not given | Not given |
| Aragon, Spain (1972–2008)33 | 12.1 | 3.9:1 | Males: 20–29 (36.1/million) Females: 20–29 (6.7/million) |
Traffic: 57.0% Falls: 24.6% Violence: 3.9% Sports: 1.9% |
Cervical: 36.9% Thoracic: 37.4% Lumbar: 19.3% Sacral: 4.3% |
| Southeast, Turkey (1994)28 | 16.9 | 5.8:1 | Overall: 40–49 (52.6/million) | Falls/traffic/violence: 93.2% Struck by object: 5.2% Suicide: 1.3% |
Not reported |
| Thessaloniki, Greece (2006)36 | 33.6 | 7:1 | Overall: 16–30 (41%) | Traffic: 51% Falls: 37% Sports: 4% Iatrogenic: 4% Violence: 2% Other: 2% |
Cervical: 48% Thoracic: 40% Lumbar/sacral: 12% |
| Stockholm, Sweden (2006)36 | 19.5 | 3:1 | Overall: 61–75 (28%) | Falls: 47% Traffic: 23% Sports: 17% Iatrogenic: 4% Violence: 2% Other: 6% |
Cervical: 43% Thoracic: 45% Lumbar/sacral: 11% |
| Western Norway (1997–2001)13 | 26.3 | 3.4:1 | Males: 70–79 (∼130/million) Females: 20–29 (∼117/million) |
Falls: 45.1% Traffic: 40.8% Sports: 9.9% Other: 4.2% |
Cervical: 57.8% Thoracic: 21.1% Lumbar: 21.1% |
| Western Norway (1952–2001)30 | 6.2 (1952–1956) 26.3 (1997–2001) |
4.7:1 | Males: 20–29 Females: 70–79 |
Falls: 45.5% Traffic: 34.2% Sports: 8.6% Other: 11.6% |
Cervical: 52.4% Thoracic: 29.5% Lumbar/sacral: 18.2% |
| Tehran, Iran (2007–2008)16 | 44 | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |