Table 5.
Actual population studied in each salvage series with the histologic, biochemical, and cancer long-term outcomes
| Reference | Technology | Type of ablation | PSA level, ng/ml | Gleason score at preoperative biopsy (%) | Risk classification (D’Amico or NCCN) | Follow-up, mo, median no. (range) | Postfocal histology (reason) | Presence of any cancer | Presence of clinically significant cancer, actual (%) | bDFS, % | PSA kinetics (at last follow-up unless otherwise stated) | Secondary treatment, actual (%) | Metastatic disease, actual (%) | Mortality, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shariat et al. [40] | RITA | Focal | Median: 5.7 (range: 0.66–10.8) | Median: 7; range: 6–8 | NA | 20 (3–38) | TRUS 12-core biopsy (protocol) | At 12 mo: 3/6 (50), 2/6 (33) in the treated area | NR | NR | 90% experienced a decrease in PSA >50% (discrete values: NR) | NR | NR | Overall and cancer-specific survival: 100 |
| Nguyen et al. [41] | MRI-guided brachytherapy | Peripheral zone | Median: 5.5 (range: 1.4–11.6) | 2+3: 1 (4) 3+3: 18 (72) 3+4: 6 (24) |
NA | 47 (14–75) | NR | NR | NR | 4 yr: 70 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Eisenberg et al. [42] | Cryoablation | Hemiablation | Median: 3.3 (range: 0.28–8.96) | NR | NA | 18 (6–33) | TRUS biopsy (protocol) | At 12 mo: 1/10 (10) overall and in the treated area | NR | ASTRO 1 yr: 89 2 yr: 67 3 yr: 50 Phoenix 1 yr: 89 2 yr: 79 3 yr: 79 |
NR | NR | 3/15 (20) | NR |
| Ahmed et al. [43] | HIFU | Hemiablation (n = 16) or quadrant (n = 23) | Median: 3.3 (range: 0.02–27.9) | Unknown: 1 (3) 6: 2 (5) 7: 32 (82) ≥8: −4 (10) |
NA | 17 (10–29) | Transperineal template biopsy (for cause) | Only patients having biopsy: 4/9 (44) All patients: 4/39 (10) |
NR | 2 yr: Phoenix: 49 Stuttgart: 42 |
Median: 0.57 (IQR: 0.1–2.3) | 16/39 (41) had ADT | 2/39 (5) | NR |
| Abreu et al. [44] | Cryoablation | Hemiablation | Median: 2.8 (range: 0–8.2) | ≤3 + 3: 5 (20) 3 + 4: 6 (24) 4 + 3: 8 (32) 4 + 4: 6 (24) |
NA | 31 (4–90) | TRUS sextant plus mapping target biopsy of suspicious areas (protocol) | 2/25 (8) | 2/25 (8) | 5 yr: 54 | At 36 mo: mean: 1.2 (SD: 1.6) | 2/25 (8) | No | Overall and cancer-specific survival: 100 |
PSA = prostate-specific antigen; NCCN = National Comprehensive Cancer Network; bDFS = biochemical disease-free survival; RITA = radiofrequency interstitial tumour ablation; NA = not applicable; NR = not reported; TRUS = transrectal ultrasound; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; ASTRO = American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology; HIFU = high-intensity focused ultrasound.