Table 2.
HIV-1 Prevalence And Demographic, Behavioral, and Biological Correlates Of Infection in High School Students in Rural Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| HIV Prevalence | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Girls | Boys | |||||
| Characteristics | Unadjusteda n/N; % | Adjusteda,b% (95% CI) | Unadjusteda n/N; % | Adjusteda,b % (95% CI) | Unadjusteda n/N, % | Adjusteda,b% (95% CI) | p-valuec |
| HIV prevalence | 143/3241; 4.4 | 4.8 (2.9–6.7) | 105/1698; 6.2 | 6.8 (3.9–9.8) | 38/1542; 2.5 | 2.7 (1.6–3.8) | 0.007 |
| School specific | |||||||
| School A | 37/1024; 3.6 | Not applicable | 29/575; 5.0 | Not applicable | 8/448; 1.8 | Not applicable | |
| School B | 28/530; 5.3 | 22/286; 7.7 | 6/244; 2.5 | ||||
| School C | 22/335; 6.6 | 15/166; 9.0 | 7/169; 4.1 | ||||
| School D | 35/621; 5.6 | 26/299; 8.7 | 9/322; 2.8 | ||||
| School E | 21/731; 2.9 | 13/372; 3.5 | 8/359; 2.2 | ||||
| Age specific | |||||||
| 12–15 years | 50/1567; 3.2 | 3.8 (1.7–5.8) | 33/882; 3.7 | 4.6 (1.9–7.3) | 17/685; 2.5 | 2.7 (0.6–4.9) | 0.17 |
| 16–17 years | 31/991; 3.1 | 3.5 (0.8–6.2) | 24/492; 4.9 | 5.3 (0.8–9.9) | 7/499; 1.4 | 1.9 (1.2–2.6) | 0.11 |
| 18–19 years | 24/456; 5.3 | 4.9 (1.8–8.0) | 19/206; 9.2 | 8.7 (0–17.7) | 5/250; 2.0 | 3.4 (0–8.6) | 0.28 |
| ≥20 years | 38/223; 17.0 | 16.7 (8.3–25.2) | 29/117; 24.8 | 23.1 (7.7–38.5) | 9/106; 8.5 | 11.1 (2.7–19.4) | 0.12 |
| Grade specific | |||||||
| Grade 8 | 33/732; 4.5 | 5.3 (1.4–9.2) | 24/359; 6.7 | 8.5 (1.1–15.9) | 9/373; 2.4 | 2.7 (0.9–4.6) | 0.10 |
| Grade 9 | 19/726; 2.6 | 2.7 (0.2–5.2) | 12/369; 3.3 | 3.5 (1.7–5.4) | 7/357; 2.0 | 3.1 (0–10.4) | 0.79 |
| Grade 10 | 28/791; 3.5 | 4.0 (0.2–7.8) | 19/413; 4.6 | 5.6 (0.7–10.4) | 9/378; 2.4 | 3.4 (0–7.4) | 0.35 |
| Grade 11 | 34/603; 5.6 | 6.0 (3.2–8.7) | 26/334; 7.8 | 8.0 (4.6–11.3) | 8/269; 3.0 | 4.0 (1.3–6.8) | 0.04 |
| Grade 12 | 29/383; 7.6 | 7.3 (4.2–10.3) | 24/220; 10.9 | 10.9 (1.5–20.3) | 5/163; 3.1 | 4.6 (1.2–8.1) | 0.16 |
| Family characteristics | |||||||
| Biological mother alive | |||||||
| Yes | 72/2493; 2.9 | 3.0 (2.3–3.7) | 53/1318; 4.0 | 4.3 (2.8–5.8) | 19/1175; 1.6 | 1.6 (0.9–2.3) | 0.002 |
| No | 71/743; 9.6 | 10.1 (4.7–15.5) | 52/377; 13.8 | 14.4 (7.3–21.6) | 19/366; 5.2 | 5.7 (1.3–10.1) | 0.02 |
| p value | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.06 | ||||
| Always lives with biological motherd | |||||||
| Always | 52/1913; 2.7 | 2.7 (1.7–3.7) | 38/1019; 3.7 | 3.8 (2.1–5.4) | 14/894; 1.6(0.8–2.4) | 1.6 (0.9–2.2) | 0.01 |
| Sometimes | 17/474; 3.6 | 4.3 (1.7–6.9) | 12/239; 5 | 6.5 (0.7–12.2) | 5/235; 2.1(0.3–4) | 2.4 (1.3–3.4) | 0.12 |
| Never | 3/86; 3.5 | 5.6 (1.3–9.9) | 3/46; 6.5 | 12.6 (0–33.7) | 0/40 | — | — |
| p value | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.08 | ||||
| Biological father alive | |||||||
| Yes | 54/1852; 2.9 | 3.3 (1.4–5.2) | 40/953; 4.2 | 4.8 (1.7–7.8) | 14/899; 1.6 | 1.8 (0.8–2.8) | 0.03 |
| No | 86/1327; 6.5 | 6.9 (4.3–9.6) | 62/715; 8.7 | 9.3 (5.7–12.9) | 24/612; 3.9 | 4.2 (2.5–5.9) | 0.01 |
| p value | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | ||||
| Always lives with biological fathere | |||||||
| Always | 23/944; 2.4 | 2.7 (1.0–4.3) | 18/458; 3.9 | 4.1 (1.5–6.7) | 5/486;1.0 | 2.0 (0–5.0) | 0.18 |
| Sometimes | 20/614; 3.3 | 3.9 (1.5–6.3) | 15/338; 4.4 | 5.3 (1.3–9.3) | 5/276; 1.8 | 2.7 (0.50–4.9) | 0.18 |
| Never | 10/266; 3.8 | 4.0 (1.8–6.3) | 6/143; 4.2 | 5.0 (2.0–7.9) | 4/123; 3.3 | 5.3 (0–11.3) | 0.88 |
| p value | 0.40 | 0.75 | 0.11 | ||||
| Sexual behaviour | |||||||
| Had sex | |||||||
| Never | 77/2471; 3.1 | 3.5 (1.6–5.4) | 56/1411; 4.0 | 4.7 (1.8–7.5) | 21/1060; 2.0 | 2.1 (0.9–3.2) | 0.047 |
| Ever | 65/754; 8.6 | 8.8 (6.0–11.5) | 48/280; 17.1 | 16.6 (6.4–26.7) | 17/474; 3.6.0 | 4.8 (1.5–8.0) | 0.03 |
| p value | 0.003 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||||
| Age at first sexf | |||||||
| at ≤15 years | 6/247; 2.4 | 3.8 (1.0–6.7) | 4/58; 6.9 | 23.4 (0–89.3) | 2/189; 1.1 | 2.9 (0–19.0) | 0.06 |
| at 16–17 years | 27/335; 8.1 | 8.2 (4.2–12.3) | 17/121; 14 | 17.0 (1.2–32.7) | 10/214; 4.7 | 6.9 (0–14.6) | 0.12 |
| at 18–19 years | 25/152; 16.4 | 15.6 (8.3–22.8) | 21/83; 25.3 | 27.8 (20.9–34.7) | 4/69; 5.8 | 11.8 (0–34.9) | 0.01 |
| at ≥20 years | 7/34; 20.6 | 25.7 (0–54.4) | 6/23; 26.1 | 51.9 (0–155.6) | 1/11; 9.1 | 20.0 | |
| p value | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.06 | ||||
| Total lifetime sex partnerse | |||||||
| I only | 33/379; 8.7 | 8.4 (5.3–11.5) | 31/212; 14.6 | 14.1 (6.0–22.2) | 2/167; 1.2 | 3.5 (0–14.8) | 0.08 |
| 2 or more | 32/387; 8.3 | 8.6 (5.2–12.1) | 17/72; 23.6 | 35.0 (0.4–69.6) | 15/315; 4.8 | 6.0 (2.6–9.4) | 0.07 |
| p value | 0.89 | 0.15 | 0.21 | ||||
| Partner relationshipe | |||||||
| Younger or same age partner | 30/458; 6.6 | 6.8 (1.6–11.9) | 15/98; 15.3 | 14.4 (2.6–26.2) | 15/360; 4.2 | 5.6 (0.7–10.7) | 0.07 |
| 1–4 years older | 23/261; 8.8 | 8.6 (0.1–16.9) | 22/151; 14.6 | 14.9 (0–31.0) | 1/110; 0.9 | 3.0 | — |
| ≥5 years older | 11/46; 23.9 | 24.6 (5.0–44.3) | 10/33; 30.3 | 34.7 (4.9–64.5) | 1/13; 7.7 | 50.0 | — |
| p value | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.002 | ||||
| Pregnancy status | |||||||
| Not pregnant | 97/1598; 6.1 | 6.8 (3.5–10.1) | 97/1598; 6.1 | 6.8 (3.5–10.1) | Not applicable | Not applicable | — |
| Pregnant | 5/52; 9.6 | 16.8 (0–122.6) | 5/52; 9.6 | 16.8 (0–122.6) | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
| p value | 0.44 | 0.44 | |||||
a
Missing values excluded from percentage calculation.
b
Adjusted for school clusters.
c
Adjusted for schools and comparing boys to girls.
d
Proportion calculated for those reporting biological mother alive.
e
Proportion calculated for those reporting biological father alive.
f
Calculated for those reporting ever had sex.