Table 3.

Association of Select Demographic, Behavioral, and Biological Characteristics and HIV in High School Students in Rural Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa

	Overall				Girls				Boys
	OR (95% CI)	p value	aORa,b(95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value	aORb,c(95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value	aORa,b(95% CI)	p value
Gender
Boys	1.0		1.0
Girls	2.6 (2.1–3.3)	<0.0001	3.0 (2.4–3.8)	<0.0001
Age groups
12–15 years	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
16–17 years	0.98 (0.6–1.7)	0.94	0.8 (0.5–1.4)	0.46	1.3 (0.7–2.4)	0.36	1.1 (0.6–1.8)	0.83	0.6 (0.–1.0)	0.05	0.4 (0.2–0.9)	0.02
18–19 years	1.7 (1.1–2.5)	0.01	1.1 (0.8–1.5)	0.50	2.6 (1.3–5.3)	0.01	1.6 (0.9–2.8)	0.14	0.8 (0.2–3.2)	0.75	0.5 (0.2–1.7)	0.27
≥20 years	6.2 (2.9–13.6)	<0.0001	3.5 (1.4–8.9)	0.009	8.5 (3.3–21.6)	<0.0001	4.2 (1.3–2.6)	0.01	3.6 (1.2–11.1)	0.02	2.2 (0.8–6.3)	0.15
Graded
Grade 8	1.0				1.0				1.0
Grade 9	0.6 (0.4–0.9)	0.01			0.5 (0.3–0.7)	0.001			0.8 (0.4–1.8)	0.59
Grade 10	0.8 (0.3–1.8)	0.56			0.7 (0.2–2.1)	0.50			1.0 (0.4–2.5)	0.98
Grade 11	1.3 (0.6–2.6)	0.52			1.2 (0.5–2.7)	0.70			1.2 (0.4–3.9)	0.71
Grade 12	1.7 (0.97–3.1)	0.06			1.7 (0.8–3.9)	0.20			1.3 (0.3–4.8)	0.71
Biological mother alive
Yes	1.0		1.0				1.0				1.0
No	3.6 (2.6–4.8)	<0.0001	3.3 (2.4–4.5)	<0.0001	3.8 (3.2–4.6)	<0.0001	3.6 (2.9–4.5)	<0.001	3.3 (1.6–6.7)	<0.001	2.8 (1.2–6.2)	0.01
Lives with biological mother
Always	1.0				1.0				1.0
Sometimes	1.3 (0.9–2.0)	0.14			1.4 (0.8–2.4)	0.28			1.4 (1.1–1.8)	0.02
Never	1.3 (0.6–2.7)	0.48			1.8 (0.8–3.9)	0.14			—	—
Biological father alive
Yes	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
No	2.3 (1.5–3.4)	<0.0001	1.6 (1.0–2.6)	0.05	2.2 (1.4–3.4)	<0.001	1.5 (0.9–2.6)	0.17	2.6 (1.8–3.7)	<0.0001	2.0 (1.3–3.2)	0.002
Lives with biological father
Always	1.0				1.0				1.0
Sometimes	1.3 (1.1–1.7)	0.01			1.1 (0.7–1.9)	0.63			1.8 (0.3–10.0)	0.51
Never	1.6 (1.3–1.9)	<0.0001			1.1 (0.5–2.3)	0.86			3.2 (0.5–20.8)	0.22
Had sex
Never	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Ever	2.9 (2.0–4.4)	<0.0001	2.3 (1.8–3.0)	<0.0001	5.0 (2.7–9.2)	<0.0001	2.8 (1.9–4.2)	<0.001	1.8 (0.7–5.1)	0.24	1.7 (0.7–4.1)	0.21
Total lifetime sex partnerse
I only	1.0				1.0				1.0
2 or more	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	0.78			1.7 (0.9–3.3)	0.08			5.0 (1.7–10.0)	0.001
Partner relationshipe
Younger or same age partner	1.0				1.0				1.0
1–4 years older	1.4 (0.4–4.6)	0.60			0.9 (0.3–3.2)	0.92			0.2 (0–2.1)	0.18
≥5 years older	4.5 (1.5–13.6)	0.01			2.4 (0.7–8.4)	0.17			1.9 (0.2–16.9)	0.56
Pregnant
No	1.0				1.0		1.0
Yes	1.6 (0.3–8.1)	0.54			1.6 (0.3–8.1)	0.54	0.6 (0.1–2.2)	0.39

^aAdjusted odds ratio (aOR) from multivariable model adjusting for gender, age, biological mother alive, biological father alive, and had sex.

^bAdjusted for school clusters (n=5).

^cAdjusted odds ratio (aOR) from multivariable model adjusting for gender, age, biological mother alive, biological father alive, had sex, and pregnancy.

^dGrade not included in the final multivariable model as it highly correlated with age groups.

^eNot included in the multivariable model due to small sample sizes.