Table 1.
Study Population Characteristics
| Six-month mortality | Six-month neurological outcomeb | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | All patients (n=895) | Survivors (n=684) | Nonsurvivors (n=206) | p valuea | Favorable outcome (n=448) | Unfavorable outcome (n=394) | p valuec |
| Baseline characteristics | |||||||
| Age | 58 (44–68) | 55 (41–65) | 65 (56–73) | <0.001 | 51 (35–63) | 63 (54–72) | <0.001 |
| Chronic comorbidity | |||||||
| Cardiovascular | 8 (1) | 5 (1) | 3 (2) | 0.396d | 2 (0) | 6 (2) | 0.156d |
| Respiratory | 10 (1) | 7 (1) | 3 (2) | 0.705d | 4 (1) | 5 (1) | 0.741d |
| Hepatic | 14 (2) | 8 (1) | 6 (3) | 0.105d | 6 (1) | 8 (2) | 0.591d |
| Renal | 2 (0) | 1 (0) | 1 (1) | 0.410d | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | 0.219d |
| Immunosuppression | 28 (3) | 14 (2) | 13 (6) | 0.002 | 9 (2) | 18 (5) | 0.035 |
| Admission GCS | |||||||
| 3–8 | 379 (43) | 243 (35) | 136 (66) | <0.001 | 135 (30) | 228 (58) | <0.001 |
| 9–12 | 210 (24) | 168 (25) | 42 (20) | 111 (25) | 88 (22) | ||
| 13–15 | 301 (33) | 273 (40) | 28 (14) | 202 (45) | 78 (20) | ||
| Admission motor score | |||||||
| Obeys/localizes | 584 (66) | 502 (73) | 82 (40) | <0.001 | 347 (78) | 197 (50) | <0.001 |
| Normal/abnormal flexion | 126 (14) | 89 (13) | 37 (18) | 55 (12) | 68 (17) | ||
| None/extension | 180 (20) | 93 (14) | 87 (42) | 46 (10) | 129 (33) | ||
| Admission GCS, median (IQR) | 10 (6–13) | 12 (7–14) | 6 (3–11) | <0.001 | 12 (8–14) | 7 (4–12) | <0.001 |
| Admission motor score, median (IQR) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 4 (1–5) | <0.001 | 6 (5–6) | 5 (2–6) | <0.001 |
| Worst 24-h GCS, median (IQR) | 9 (4–12) | 10 (7–12) | 4 (3–9) | <0.001 | 11 (8–13) | 7 (3–10) | <0.001 |
| Worst 24-h motor score, median (IQR) | 5 (2–6) | 5 (4–6) | 2 (1–5) | <0.001 | 5 (4–6) | 4 (1–5) | <0.001 |
| Pupils | |||||||
| Both react | 668 (74) | 572 (83) | 96 (47) | <0.001 | 393 (88) | 235 (60) | <0.001 |
| One reacts | 102 (12) | 67 (10) | 35 (17) | 31 (7) | 64 (16) | ||
| None react | 120 (14) | 45 (7) | 75 (36) | 42 (5) | 95 (24) | ||
| Hypotension | 61 (7) | 46 (7) | 15 (7) | 0.782 | 33 (7) | 26 (7) | 0.663 |
| Hypoxia | 131 (15) | 86 (13) | 45 (22) | 0.001 | 49 (11) | 76 (19) | 0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 7.3 (6.1–8.8) | 7.0 (6.0–8.5) | 8.1 (6.8–9.5) | <0.001 | 7.0 (6.0–8.4) | 7.6 (6.3–9.3) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.5 (11.1–13.8) | 12.8 (11.5–14.1) | 11.6 (10.4–12.9) | <0.001 | 13.0 (11.7–14.3) | 11.9 (10.8–13.2) | <0.001 |
| Platelet count (109) | 187 (136–235) | 192 (142–236) | 164 (116–231) | 0.003 | 198 (147–242) | 171 (129–228) | <0.001 |
| Base excess (mmol/L) | –1.6 (–4.4–0.6) | –1.4 (–4.1–0.7) | –2.4 (–5.2–0.5) | 0.017 | –1.5 (–4.1–0.5) | –1.8 (–4.7–0.9) | 0.431 |
| INR | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | <0.001 | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | <0.001 |
| Marshall CT | |||||||
| DI I | 15 (2) | 15 (2) | 0 (0) | <0.001 | 12 (3) | 2 (1) | <0.001 |
| DI II | 275 (30) | 249 (36) | 26 (12) | 184 (41) | 74 (19) | ||
| DI III–IV | 67 (8) | 49 (7) | 18 (9) | 32 (7) | 33 (8) | ||
| EML/NEML | 533 (60) | 371 (55) | 162 (79) | 220 (49) | 285 (72) | ||
| Rotterdam CT | |||||||
| 1–2 | 206 (23) | 178 (26) | 28 (14) | <0.001 | 130 (29) | 59 (15) | <0.001 |
| 3–4 | 478 (54) | 393 (58) | 84 (41) | 266 (59) | 186 (47) | ||
| 5–6 | 206 (23) | 112 (16) | 94 (45) | 52 (12) | 149 (38) | ||
| Epidural hematoma | 92 (10) | 82 (12) | 10 (5) | 0.003 | 67 (15) | 19 (5) | <0.001 |
| Traumatic SAH | 504 (57) | 379 (55) | 125 (61) | 0.181 | 237 (53) | 243 (62) | 0.010 |
| Acute mass lesion evacuation | 310 (35) | 222 (33) | 88 (43) | 0.007 | 137 (31) | 162 (41) | 0.001 |
| Length of stay (days) | |||||||
| ICU | 2 (1–6) | 2 (1–6) | 2 (1–5) | 0.313 | 2 (1–5) | 3 (1–7) | 0.002 |
| Hospital | 8 (4–5) | 8 (5–15) | 6 (2–14) | <0.001 | 8 (5–13) | 8 (3–17) | 0.775 |
| Predicted risk of death | |||||||
| IMPACT | |||||||
| Core model | 24 (15–35) | 19 (12–24) | 48 (24–68) | <0.001 | 15 (12–24) | 29 (19–55) | <0.001 |
| Extended model | 23 (15–41) | 19 (12–34) | 49 (28–75) | <0.001 | 39 (27–53) | 59 (46–85) | <0.001 |
| Lab model | 22 (13–35) | 19 (11–26) | 46 (26–66) | <0.001 | 32 (18–44) | 57 (38–82) | <0.001 |
| APACHE II | 22 (12–34) | 18 (12–28) | 37 (28–52) | <0.001 | 15 (9–25) | 31 (20–45) | <0.001 |
| Observed outome | |||||||
| 14-day mortality | 99 (11) | 0 (0) | 99 (48) | — | 0 (0) | 99 (25) | — |
| 6-month mortality | 206 (23) | 0 (0) | 206 (100) | — | 0 (0) | 206 (52) | — |
| 6-month unfavorable outcomeb | 394 (47) | 188 (30) | 206 (100) | — | 0 (0) | 394 (100) | — |
Continuous data presented as median (IQR), categorical data presented as n (%).
a
Between 6-month survivors and nonsurvivors.
b
Total of 842 patients.
c
Between 6-month favorable and unfavorable neurological outcome.
d
Fischer's exact test.
APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; CT, computerized tomography; DI, diffuse injury; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; INR, international normalized ratio; IMPACT, International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in Traumatic Brain Injury; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage.