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Trends in child maltreatment incidence and substantiation and economic indicators for Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1990–2010). Median-spline plots of aggregate rates of child maltreatment and relevant economic measures are presented. The shaded boxes show years of nationwide recession (1990, 2001, 2008 and 2009) characterized by ≥2 business cycle contractionary quarters, as determined by announcements of the National Bureau of Economic Research [1]
