Table 2.
Univariable risk factors analysis for adult diarrhoeal disease in 232 cases and 232 controls in Hanam province, Vietnam, 2009-2010
| Risk factors | Case | Control | OR * | 95% CI | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | |||||
| 1. Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Sex (adjusted for age) | ||||||
| Female | 135 (58) | 134 (58) | Reference | |||
| Male | 97 (42) | 98 (42) | 0.9 | 0.6-1.4 | 0.74 | |
| Age groups (in years, adjusted for sex) | ||||||
| 16-35 | 100 (43) | 101 (44) | Reference | |||
| 36-55 | 93 (40) | 101 (44) | 0.9 | 0.6-1.4 | 0.73 | |
| 56-65 | 39 (17) | 30 (13) | 1.3 | 0.8-2.4 | 0.31 | |
| Educational level | ||||||
| Pre-school & primary school | 79 (34) | 74 (32) | Reference | |||
| Secondary & tertiary education | 153 (66) | 158 (68) | 0.9 | 0.6-1.4 | 0.71 | |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Non-agricultural work | 45 (19) | 58 (25) | Reference | |||
| Agricultural work | 187 (81) | 174 (75) | 1.4 | 0.9-2.3 | 0.13 | |
| Household’s socio-economic status | ||||||
| Poor | 68 (29) | 68 (29) | Reference | |||
| Average | 85 (37) | 70 (30) | 1.3 | 0.1-2.2 | 0.26 | |
| Good | 79 (34) | 94 (41) | 0.9 | 0.6-1.5 | 0.76 | |
| 2. Household sanitary and hygiene conditions | ||||||
| Type of latrine in the household | ||||||
| No latrine | 7 (3) | 9 (4) | Reference | |||
| Dry latrine | 144 (62) | 134 (58) | 1.4 | 0.5-3.7 | 0.57 | |
| Water-flushed latrine | 81 (35) | 89 (38) | 1.2 | 0.4-3.4 | 0.74 | |
| Source to drink water | ||||||
| Tap water | 15 (7) | 45 (19) | Reference | |||
| Rainwater | 212 (91) | 181 (78) | 3.9 | 2.0-7.4 | <0.01 | |
| Tube well water | 5 (2) | 6 (3) | 2.8 | 0.7-10.9 | 0.14 | |
| Close contact with animals in household | ||||||
| No | 113 (49) | 114 (49) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 119 (51) | 118 (51) | 1.0 | 0.7-1.5 | 0.88 | |
| Contact with person with diarrhoea | ||||||
| No | 204 (88) | 225 (97) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 28 (12) | 7 (3) | 4.7 | 2.0-11.3 | <0.01 | |
| 3. Exposed to human and animal excreta | ||||||
| Composting of human excreta in the household | ||||||
| Compost > 3 months | 44 (19) | 66 (29) | Reference | |||
| ≤ 3 months | 188 (81) | 166 (72) | 1.8 | 1.2-2.8 | 0.01 | |
| Use of human excreta for application in field | ||||||
| No | 131 (57) | 137 (59) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 101 (43) | 95 (41) | 1.1 | 0.7-1.6 | 0.69 | |
| Handling human excreta in field work | ||||||
| No | 214 (92) | 228 (98) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 18 (8) | 4 (2) | 5.1 | 1.7-15.3 | <0.01 | |
| Use of animal excreta as fertiliser in the fields | ||||||
| No | 122 (53) | 157 (68) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 110 (47) | 75 (32) | 1.9 | 1.3-2.7 | <0.01 | |
| Handling animal excreta in field work | ||||||
| No | 145 (63) | 175 (75) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 87 (38) | 57 (25) | 2.0 | 1.3-3.0 | <0.01 | |
| 4. Exposure to Nhue River water and pond water | ||||||
| Use Nhue River water to irrigate fields | ||||||
| No | 13 (6) | 23 (10) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 219 (94) | 209 (90) | 1.9 | 0.9-3.8 | 0.08 | |
| Direct contact with Nhue River water during field work | ||||||
| No | 149 (64) | 171 (74) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 83 (36) | 61 (26) | 1.7 | 1.1-2.6 | 0.02 | |
| Close contact with local pond water (washing, fishing) | ||||||
| No | 173 (75) | 202 (87) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 59 (25) | 30 (12) | 2.4 | 1.5-4.0 | <0.01 | |
| 5. Habits of personal hygiene | ||||||
| Use of protective measures (gloves, boots and face mask) at work | ||||||
| Yes | 67 (29) | 90 (39) | Reference | |||
| No | 165 (71) | 142 (61) | 1.6 | 1.1-2.4 | 0.02 | |
| Hand washing with soap in general | ||||||
| Frequently | 35 (15) | 71 (30) | Reference | |||
| Sometime | 62 (27) | 57 (25) | 2.2 | 1.3-3.8 | <0.01 | |
| Never or rarely | 135 (58) | 104 (45) | 2.7 | 1.6-4.3 | <0.01 | |
| Eating raw vegetables the day before | ||||||
| No | 185 (80) | 208 (90) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 47 (20) | 24 (10) | 2.6 | 1.5-4.6 | <0.01 | |
| Eating leftover foods from day before | ||||||
| No | 86 (37) | 127 (55) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 146 (63) | 105 (45) | 2.1 | 1.5-3.1 | <0.01 | |
| Drinking raw water the day before | ||||||
| No | 194 (84) | 202 (87) | Reference | |||
| Yes | 38 (16) | 30 (13) | 1.4 | 0.8-2.3 | 0.25 | |
OR *: matched odds ratio, derived from univariable conditional logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and sex; CI: confident interval.