Table 4. Specific traumatic events and risk for physical health conditions: evidence from a population-based sample in Detroit (N = 1,054).
| Cardiovascular diseasea (N = 580) | Arthritis (N =452) | Diabetes (N =192) | Atrial fibrillation (N =102) | Respiratory diseaseb (N =53) | Gastrointestinal health (N = 138) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| N | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
| Model 1: Unadjusted | |||||||||||||
| Assaultive violence | 507 | 1.00 | (0.76–1.31) | 1.71 | (1.25–2.32)** | 1.33 | (0.85–2.10) | 1.24 | (0.57–2.68) | 2.65 | (1.01–6.95)* | 1.32 | (0.74–2.35) |
| Other threats to physical integrity | 444 | 1.27 | (0.97–1.66) | 1.59 | (1.16–2.19)** | 1.38 | (0.88–2.15) | 1.11 | (0.52–2.38) | 3.04 | (1.11–8.35)** | 1.35 | (0.76–2.39) |
| Traumatic events in social network | 711 | 1.15 | (0.87–1.52) | 1.56 | (1.14–2.14)* | 1.58 | (1.01–2.52)* | 1.36 | (0.63–2.93) | 2.69 | (0.64–11.28) | 1.13 | (0.60–2.12) |
| Sudden unexpected death of loved one | 761 | 1.48 | (1.11–1.97)** | 1.37 | (0.98–1.93) | 1.50 | (0.90–2.51) | 1.05 | (0.49–2.27) | 1.50 | (0.43–5.26) | 0.83 | (0.45–1.56) |
| Other extraordinary event | 265 | 1.43 | (1.06–1.93)* | 1.83 | (1.29–2.62)* | 1.00 | (0.58–1.73) | 2.59 | (1.11–6.0)** | 1.37 | (0.51–3.72) | 1.58 | (0.84–2.97) |
| Model 2: Adjusted for demographics, lifetime PTSD, GAD, and MDD, current and former smoking, and current binge drinking | |||||||||||||
| Assaultive violence | 507 | 0.99 | (0.66–1.22) | 1.68 | (1.24–2.27)* | 1.32 | (0.79–2.20) | 0.83 | (0.40–1.70) | 1.82 | (0.78–4.25) | 1.02 | (0.58–1.80) |
| Other threats to physical integrity | 444 | 1.20 | (0.92–1.57) | 1.54 | (1.11–2.14)* | 1.29 | (0.81–2.05) | 0.95 | (0.50–1.81) | 2.21 | (0.78–6.28) | 1.10 | (0.65–1.86) |
| Traumatic events in social network | 711 | 1.01 | (0.75–1.36) | 1.37 | (0.98–1.91) | 1.51 | (0.91–2.49) | 0.95 | (0.45–2.01) | 1.86 | (0.47–7.35) | 0.87 | (0.47–1.62) |
| Sudden unexpected death of loved one | 761 | 1.32 | (0.99–1.76) | 1.24 | (0.88–1.77) | 1.39 | (0.82–2.37) | 0.78 | (0.34–1.77) | 1.24 | (0.35–4.37) | 0.71 | (0.40–1.26) |
| Other extraordinary event | 265 | 1.26 | (0.93–1.72) | 1.49 | (0.96–2.33) | 0.77 | (0.45–1.30) | 1.96 | (0.98–3.93) | 0.93 | (0.20–3.49) | 1.29 | (0.63–2.66) |
a
Cardiovascular disease included high blood pressure or hypertension, myocardial infarction or stroke, chest pain, and congestive heart failure.
b
Respiratory disease included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema.
*
P < .05;
**
P < .01.
GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.