Table 1.
Participants’ characteristicsa according to quartiles of total meat intake.
| Quartiles of total meat intake |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (lowest) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 (highest) | |
| Intake (servings/day): | 0 – 0.42 | 0.44 – 0.85 | 0.87 – 1.44 | 1.45 – 5.26 |
| No.: | (n = 48) | (n = 47) | (n = 48) | (n = 47) |
| Background characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 19.9 (18.9 to 20.8) | 19.4 (18.8 to 20.6) | 19.5 (19.0 to 20.3) | 19.6 (18.9 to 20.4) |
| Race/ethnicity; No. (%) | ||||
| White, not Hispanic | 35 (78) | 43 (88) | 43 (90) | 35 (75) |
| Black, not Hispanic | 4 (9) | 3 (6) | 1 (2) | 4 (8) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 3 (7) | 2 (4) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) |
| Asian | 2 (4) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 3 (6) |
| Other | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 3 (6) | 3 (6) |
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 24.5 (22.5 to 25.9) | 23.9 (22.6 to 26.0) | 24.9 (23.6 to 28.7) | 24.6 (22.5 to 27.5) |
| Moderate to vigorous physical activity (hours/week) | 8.0 (4.0 to 10.5) | 7.0 (4.0 to 15.0) | 10.0 (5.0 to 12.0) | 10.0 (7.0 to 17.0) |
| TV watching (hours/week) | 10.0 (4.0 to 14.0) | 14.0 (0.0 to 20.0) | 14.0 (4.0 to 17.0) | 14.0 (10.0 to 25.0) |
| Current smoker; No. (%) | 5 (11) | 17 (35) | 13 (27) | 8 (17) |
| Abstinence time (hours) | 84.6 (61.8 to 124.0) | 73.7 (54.7 to 110.9) | 64.7 (50.7 to 93.8) | 63.3 (50.7 to 86.6) |
| Self-reported reproductive history | ||||
| Undescended testes at birth; No. (%) | 2 (4) | 2 (4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) |
| Varicocele; No. (%) | 3 (6) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) |
| Hydrocele; No. (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) |
| Inguinal hernia repair; No. (%)b | 5 (11) | 1 (2) | 3 (6) | 1 (2) |
| History of genital disease; No. (%)c | 2 (4) | 2 (4) | 3 (6) | 3 (6) |
| Use of hormones; No. (%)d | 3 (6) | 3 (6) | 10 (21) | 3 (6) |
| Physical examination findings | ||||
| Testes low in scrotum; No. (%) | 45 (96) | 46 (98) | 46 (96) | 37 (79) |
| Varicocele; No. (%) | 7 (15) | 7 (15) | 4 (8) | 4 (9) |
| Hydrocele; No. (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 2 (4) |
| Surgical scars; No. (%)e | 3 (6) | 2 (4) | 1 (2) | 2 (4) |
| Diet | ||||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2086.2 (1615.1 to 2566.8) | 2815.3 (2199.0 to 3210.3) | 3022.6 (2367.5 to 3590.8) | 3840.7 (3340.5, to 4943.0) |
| Caffeine intake (mg/day) | 51.0 (17.3 to 108.7) | 53.8 (14.2 to 126.6) | 66.2 (27.4 to 118.4) | 81.2 (39.1 to 133.4) |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 10.8 (2.7 to 31.7) | 10.4 (3.4 to 31.5) | 16.1 (7.6 to 27.7) | 11.2 (4.2 to 21.6) |
| Saturated fat (% energy) | 9.6 (8.1 to 10.9) | 10.4 (8.9 to 11.7) | 10.5 (9.3 to 12.2) | 10.6 (9.7 to 12.0) |
| Mono unsaturated fat (% energy) | 10.7 (9.5 to 12.5) | 11.1 (9.9 to 12.3) | 11.7 (10.6 to 13.0) | 11.8 (10.7 to 13.3) |
| Polyunsaturated fat (% energy) | 5.4 (4.9 to 6.4) | 5.2 (4.4 to 5.9) | 5.5 (4.9 to 5.8) | 5.5 (4.9 to 6.0) |
| Trans fat (% energy) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.4) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.6) |
| Animal fat (% energy) | 12.1 (10.3 to 14.7) | 15.1 (11.9 to 17.8) | 16.1 (13.1 to 19.3) | 16.5 (14.5 to 20.0) |
| Protein intake (% energy) | 14.1 (12.6 to 15.4) | 16.0 (14.5 to 17.9) | 16.7 (15.0 to 18.6) | 17.6 (16.1 to 20.1) |
| Animal protein intake (% energy) | 8.4 (7.2 to 9.7) | 10.7 (14.5 to 12.9) | 11.3 (10.1 to 13.1) | 12.1 (10.8 to 14.8) |
| Prudent pattern scoref | −0.52 (−0.84 to −0.05) | −0.29 (−0.63 to 0.26) | −0.19 (−0.58 to 0.12) | 0.32 (−0.37 to 1.42) |
| Western pattern scoreg | −0.68 (−1.09 to −0.28) | −0.37 (−0.82 to 0.14) | 0.14 (−0.30 to 0.68) | 0.71 (0.08 to 1.52) |
Median (IQR) unless otherwise specified
Inguinal hernia repair n=188
Self-report of any of the following: infection of epididymis, testicle, prostate, urinary tract infection, gonorrhea, genital warts or herpes, chlamydia, or other diseases of the penis, testicles, urinary tract or scrotum
Self-report of any of the following: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), creatinine, or other muscle-building compounds
From hernia repair, appendectomy, orchidopexy, or other lower abdomen/inguinal procedures
Characterized by high intakes of fish, chicken, fruit, cruciferous vegetables, tomatoes, leafy green vegetables, legumes and whole grains
Characterized by high intakes of red and processed meat, butter, high fat dairy, refined grains, pizza, snacks, high energy drinks, mayonnaise and sweets