Table 1.
Main features of prior published latent class analyses (LCAs) of depression
| Author citation |
Sample size |
Age (years) | Gender (% female) |
Source of subjects |
Symptoms used for LCA |
Summary of results | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sullivan et al. (1998) | 2836 | Mean 33.3 | 59.4 | NCS population lifetime worst episodes |
14 DSM-III-R | Severe typical (4%, 11.7%) |
Mild typical (6%, 15.8%) |
Severe atypical (2%, 6.0%) |
Mild atypical (4%, 10.8%) |
Intermediate (11%, 31.1%) |
Minimal symptoms (6%, 23.3%) |
||
| Lamers et al. (2012) | 805 | ≥18 | 64.2 | NCS-R 12-month MDD | Nine DSM-IV symptoms of depression listed in the CIDI but separated weight changes from appetite changes, yielding a total of 14 symptoms |
Severe typical (44.9%) |
Moderate typical (24.8%) |
Severe atypical (15.6%) |
Moderate (14.6%) |
||||
| Carragher et al. (2009) | 12 180 | ≥18 | 61.7 | Population sample NESARC | Seven of the nine DSM-IV criteria; AUDADIS-IV 21 dichotomous symptom item questions that separately operationalized the nine DSM-IV ‘A’ criteria for MD |
Severely depressed (40.9%) |
Psychosomatic (30.6%) |
Cognitive-emotional (10.2%) |
Non-depressed (18.3%) |
||||
| Kendler et al. (1996) | 2163 | Mean 30.1 | 100 | Population-based twin registry in the state of Virginia |
14 disaggregated DSM-III-R symptoms |
Class 1 (52.2%) 2/3 non-depressed |
Class 2 (4.6%) mild atypical |
Class 3 (21.6%) mild typical |
Class 4 (7.2%) mild typical somatic |
Class 5 (8.9%) typical moderate |
Class 6 (3.9%) atypical severe |
Class 7 (1.6%) typical severe |
|
| Sullivan et al. (2002) | 2941 | Mean 35.1 | 25.2 | Male–male and male–female twin pairs from the population-based VTR, subjects endorsed at least one MD symptom in the prior year |
14 DSM-III-R MD symptoms | Class 1 typical (6%) |
Class 2 atypical (3%) |
Class 3 non-appetitive (4%) |
Class 4 minor typical (5%) |
Class 5 mood only (17%) |
Class 6 overeat (2%) |
Class 7 agitate (6%) |
Comparison group (57%) |
| Eaton et al. (1989) | 6812 | ECA university-based researchers in five community mental health center catchment area populations |
Dysphoria and eight DIS/DSM-III symptoms |
Normal (83%) | Intermediate (15%) |
Severe (2%) | |||||||
| (Lamers et al. 2010) | 818 | Mean 41.7 (range 18–65) |
66.7 | DSM-IV current (1-month recency) MD or minor depression NESDA |
16 symptoms CIDI and atypical and melancholic features from IDS-SR |
Severe melancholic (46.3%) |
Severe atypical (24.6%) |
Moderate severity (29.1%) |
|||||
| Maes et al. (1992) | 80 | Mean 46.5 | 0 | Clinical samples DSM-III dysthymic disorder, MD with (out) melancholia and/or psychotic features |
SCID 14 items | Non-vital (56.3%) | Vital (43.8%) | ||||||
| Schotte et al. (1997) | 220 | Mean 45.6 | 77.0 | Unipolar depressed in-patients | SCID for DSM-III 14 items | Melancholic (45%) | Non-melancholic (55%) |
||||||
| Hybels et al. (2009) | 366 | ≥ 60 (mean 69.1 | 66.1 | DSM-IV MDD | Ten items of the MADRS | Cluster 1 (47.2%) reduced appetite |
Cluster 2 (27.1%) moderate |
Cluster 3 (18.9%) mild sadness |
Cluster 4 (6.8%) severe |
||||
| Davidson et al. (1989) | 130 | Mean 42.3 (range 20–69) |
46.9 | RDC major or minor/ intermittent depression |
Internal variables drawn from the HAMD, the SCL-58 and the Hollister–Overall CDC |
Type 1 mild melancholia (20%) |
Type 2 | obsessive-anxious (19.2%) |
Type 3 mild depression (22.3%) |
Type 4 agitation, mood worsening later in the day (20.8%) |
Type 5 severe atypical (17.7%) |
||
| Grove et al. (1987) | 569 | Mean 39.3 | 58.2 | RDC unipolar depression | 36 affective symptoms on the SADS | Cluster 1 nuclear (endogenous) depression (48.4%) |
Cluster 2 non-nuclear group (51.6%) |
||||||
| Parker et al. (1999) | 269 | Mean 41.8 (non-melancholic only) |
Clinical samples DSM-III-R MD <2 years (in- and out-patients) |
16 clinical features (six endogeneity symptoms+two psychomotor symptoms+five retardation and agitation +CORE scale scores) |
Putative psychotic (11%) |
Melancholic (34%) |
Non-melancholic (55%) |
||||||
| Andreasen & Grove (1982) | 228 | 58.8 | Clinical samples interviewed by the SADS, diagnosed by RDC |
SADS 106 symptoms grouped into eight content scales+symptoms of antisocial behavior and substance abuse and a 100-point GAS combining social functioning and psychopathology |
Severe endogenous (43.4%) |
Less severe (29.4%) |
Bipolar (11.0%) | Psychotic (4.4%) |
Residue (11.8%) |
||||
| Haslam & Beck (1993) | 400 | 63.5 | Clinical samples out-patients diagnosed by SCID |
BDI 21 items | General depression (41.5%) |
Severe melancholic (40.3%) |
Generalized anxiety (10.3%) |
Mild (8.0%) |
NCS, National Comorbidity Survey; NCS-R, National Comorbidity Survey Replication; MDD, major depressive disorder; NESARC, National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions; AUDADIS-IV, Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV; MADRS, Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MD, major depression; VTR, Virginia Twin Registry; ECA, Epidemiologic Catchment Area; DIS, Diagnostic Interview Schedule; IDS-SR, Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Self-Report; RDC, Research Diagnostic Criteria; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; SCL-58, Symptom Checklist-58; CDC, Composite Diagnostic Checklist; SADS, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; GAS; Global Assessment Scale; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory.