Table 2.
Relative risks for adolescent violent crime and substance misuse as a function of childhood (ages 1-15) family income by quintilesa
Adolescent violent crime, hazard ratio (95% CI) |
Adolescent substance misuse, hazard ratio (95% CI) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | |
Quintile 1 (low) |
6.78 (6.23-7.38) |
3.93 (3.59-4.30) |
1.89 (1.40-2.56) |
0.95 (0.44-2.03) |
2.45 (2.32-2.58) |
1.98 (1.86-2.10) |
1.53 (1.24-1.90) |
1.11 (0.62-1.98) |
Quintile 2 |
3.66 (3.35-4.00) |
2.50 (2.28-2.74) |
1.46 (1.09-1.95) |
0.81 (0.41-1.61) |
1.56 (1.47-1.66) |
1.39 (1.31-1.48) |
1.19 (0.97-1.45) |
1.31 (0.81-2.13) |
Quintile 3 |
2.14 (1.95-2.36) |
1.61 (1.46-1.77) |
1.04 (0.78-1.40) |
0.76 (0.42-1.39) |
1.08 (1.02-1.15) |
1.02 (0.95-1.08) |
0.96 (0.79-1.18) |
1.12 (0.76-1.67) |
Quintile 4 |
1.64 (1.48-1.81) |
1.34 (1.21-1.48) |
0.80 (0.60-1.06) |
0.64 (0.39-1.05) |
1.00 (0.93-1.06) |
0.96 (0.90-1.03) |
0.98 (0.81-1.17) |
1.09 (0.81-1.47) |
Quintile 5 (high) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Model I: adjusted for gender, birth year and birth order; Model II: Model I + adjusted for parental highest achieved education, age at birth and history of mental disorder; Model III: Model II + adjusted for unobserved within extended-family risk factors (through cousin comparisons); Model IV: Model I + adjusted for unobserved within nuclear-family risk factors (through sibling comparisons).