Table 1. Poisson analysis of the exclusive use of pacifiers in children aged under one year and age-adjusted prevalence ratio. State capitals and Federal District, Brazil, 2008.
| Variable | Total Na | Exclusive use of pacifier (%) | PRadjusted | 95%CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distal block (1) | |||||
| Maternal age (years) | 0.122b | ||||
| 20 to 35 | 9,017 | 21.3 | 1 | ||
| < 20 | 3,044 | 23.0 | 1.09 | 0.97;1.24 | 0.119 |
| > 35 | 1,372 | 21.9 | 1.03 | 0.88;1.21 | 0.685 |
| Maternal education (years) | 0.161b | ||||
| > 12 | 1,795 | 24.8 | 1 | ||
| 9 to 12 | 6,363 | 21.7 | 0.90 | 0.77;1.03 | 0.139 |
| 0 to 8 | 5,189 | 20.9 | 0.90 | 0.76;1.02 | 0.093 |
| Maternal work | 0.016b | ||||
| Not working outside the home | 9,025 | 20.6 | 1 | ||
| On maternity leave | 1,964 | 26.9 | 1.13 | 0.99;1.29 | 0.076 |
| Working outside the home | 1,678 | 23.1 | 1.16 | 1.00;1.35 | 0.045 |
| Primiparity | |||||
| No | 7,079 | 19.3 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 6,114 | 24.8 | 1.28 | 1.16;1.41 | < 0.001 |
|
Intermediate block (2 to 3) | |||||
| Type of delivery | |||||
| Normal/Forceps | 7,582 | 20.7 | 1 | ||
| Cesarean | 6,862 | 23.0 | 1.10 | 1.00;1.21 | 0.049 |
| Infant gender | |||||
| Female | 7,395 | 20.8 | 1 | ||
| Male | 7,173 | 22.8 | 1.10 | 1.00;1.21 | 0.041 |
| Low birth weight ( < 2,500 g) | |||||
| No | 13,182 | 22.1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1,069 | 20.4 | 0.90 | 0.74;1.10 | 0.297 |
| Born in Baby-Friendly Hospital | |||||
| Yes | 5,092 | 21.5 | 1 | ||
| No | 8,385 | 22.1 | 1.02 | 0.92;1.13 | 0.611 |
| Routine health care services | |||||
| Family Health Strategy | 3,715 | 23.4 | 1 | ||
| Basic health care unit | 4,514 | 20.7 | 0.89 | 0.79;1.01 | 0.088 |
| Private health care services | 4,747 | 23.4 | 1.00 | 0.89;1.13 | 0.923 |
|
Proximal block (4A) | |||||
| Breastfed within first hour of birth | |||||
| Yes | 9,976 | 20.3 | 1 | ||
| No | 3,886 | 24.8 | 1.19 | 1.08;1.32 | 0.001 |
|
Proximal block (4B) | |||||
| Breastfed on the first day after hospital discharge | |||||
| Yes | 7,310 | 25.6 | 1 | ||
| No | 168 | 23.8 | 0.94 | 0.66;1.33 | 0.744 |
| Consumed processed milk on the first day after hospital discharge | |||||
| No | 7,021 | 25.3 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 384 | 28.9 | 1.16 | 0.91;1.48 | 0.219 |
| Consumed water on the first day after hospital discharge | |||||
| No | 7,219 | 25.6 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 186 | 23.3 | 0.96 | 0.62;1.48 | 0.873 |
| Consumed tea on the first day after hospital discharge | |||||
| No | 7,052 | 25.2 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 337 | 32.0 | 1.30 | 1.01;1.67 | 0.040 |
a This analysis included exclusively users of pacifiers and nonusers of artificial nipples.
b Linear trend test.