Table 5. Poisson analysis of the use of artificial nipples in children aged under one year and age-adjusted prevalence ratio. State capitals and Federal District, Brazil, 2008.
| Variable | Total Na | Use of artificial nipples (%) | PRadjusted | 95%CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distal block (1) | |||||
| Maternal age (years) | 0.004b | ||||
| 20 to 35 | 12,809 | 46.8 | 1 | ||
| < 20 | 4,584 | 50.1 | 1.07 | 1.02;1.13 | 0.008 |
| > 35 | 2,018 | 50.6 | 1.06 | 0.99;1.14 | 0.072 |
| Maternal education (years) | < 0.001b | ||||
| > 12 | 2,783 | 55.7 | 1 | ||
| 9 to 12 | 9,056 | 47.1 | 0.86 | 0.81;0.91 | < 0.001 |
| 0 to 8 | 7,479 | 46.6 | 0.84 | 0.79;0.89 | < 0.001 |
| Maternal work | < 0.001b | ||||
| Not working outside the home | 12,550 | 43.8 | 1 | ||
| On maternity leave | 2,148 | 34.1 | 0.97 | 0.88;1.08 | 0.644 |
| Working outside the home | 3,562 | 69.1 | 1.45 | 1.39;1.52 | < 0.001 |
| Primiparity | |||||
| No | 9,680 | 43.2 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 9,349 | 52.9 | 1.21 | 1.16;1.26 | < 0.001 |
|
Intermediate block (2 to 3) | |||||
| Type of delivery | |||||
| Normal/Forceps | 11,132 | 48.4 | 1 | ||
| Cesarean | 10,718 | 52.7 | 1.09 | 1.04;1.13 | < 0.001 |
| Child gender | |||||
| Female | 11,021 | 49.4 | 1 | ||
| Male | 11,097 | 52.1 | 1.04 | 1.00;1.08 | 0.016 |
| Low birth weight (< 2,500 g) | |||||
| No | 19,657 | 49.9 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1,866 | 55.2 | 1.11 | 1.05;1.19 | < 0.001 |
| Born in Baby-Friendly Hospital | |||||
| Yes | 7,496 | 45.5 | 1 | ||
| No | 12,812 | 53.0 | 1.15 | 1.10;1.20 | < 0.001 |
| Routine health care services | |||||
| Family Health Strategy | 5,521 | 49.6 | 1 | ||
| Basic health care unit | 6,528 | 46.7 | 0.93 | 0.88;0.98 | 0.011 |
| Private Health Care Service | 7,723 | 56.5 | 1.09 | 1.05;1.15 | < 0.001 |
|
Proximal block (4A) | |||||
| Breastfed within the first hour after birth | |||||
| Yes | 14,669 | 49.0 | 1 | ||
| No | 6,129 | 52.5 | 1.09 | 1.05;1.14 | < 0.001 |
|
Proximal block (4B) | |||||
| Breastfed on the first day after hospital discharge | |||||
| Yes | 8,082 | 33.5 | 1 | ||
| No | 399 | 72.4 | 2.11 | 1.91;2.33 | < 0.001 |
| Consumed processed milk on the first day after hospital discharge | |||||
| No | 7,493 | 30.6 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 910 | 70.5 | 2.25 | 2.08;2.44 | < 0.001 |
| Consumed water on the first day after hospital discharge | |||||
| No | 7,952 | 33.6 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 438 | 66.2 | 1.87 | 1.67;2.08 | < 0.001 |
| Consumed tea on the first day after hospital discharge | |||||
| No | 7,746 | 33.1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 639 | 64.0 | 1.87 | 1.70;2.06 | < 0.001 |
a This analysis included exclusive user of artificial nipples (pacifiers and bottle feeding) and nonusers of artificial nipples.
b Linear trend test.