Table 3.
Clinical and NCCT Predictors of a Spot Sign, In-Hospital Mortality and Poor Outcome among Survivors in Primary ICH
| Spot Sign Frequency n (%) |
p | In-Hospital Mortality n (%) |
p | Poor Outcome* n (%) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients, n=573 | 133 (23) | n/a | 180 (31) | n/a | 129 (23) | n/a |
| Gender | 0.19 | 0.86 | 0.023 | |||
| Males, n=312 | 79 (25) | 97 (31) | 60 (28) | |||
| Females, n=261 | 54 (21) | 83 (32) | 69 (39) | |||
| Age, years | 0.03 | <0.001† | <0.0001† | |||
| 8–45, n=55 | 5 (9) | 8 (15) | 5 (11) | |||
| 46–70, n=248 | 59 (24) | 59 (24) | 47 (25) | |||
| 71–94, n=270 | 69 (26) | 113 (42) | 77 (49) | |||
| Time from ictus to CTA, h | <0.0001† | <0.0001 | 0.66 | |||
| ≤3, n=71 | 47 (66) | 30 (42) | 15 (37) | |||
| >3 – ≤6, n=110 | 27 (25) | 52 (47) | 20 (34) | |||
| >6, n=133 | 18 (14) | 23 (17) | 31 (28) | |||
| Unknown, n=259 | 41 (16) | 75 (29) | 63 (34) | |||
| Admission MABP, mmHg | <0.0001† | 0.76 | 0.009† | |||
| ≤100, n=234 | 33 (14) | 70 (30) | 45 (27) | |||
| 101 – 120, n=193 | 42 (22) | 61 (32) | 40 (30) | |||
| >120, n=146 | 58 (40) | 49 (34) | 44 (45) | |||
| Admission INR | <0.0001† | 0.1 | 0.10 | |||
| <1.5, n=475 | 94 (20) | 142 (30) | 108 (32) | |||
| 1.5 – 2.5, n=59 | 14 (24) | 20 (34) | 10 (26) | |||
| >2.5, n=39 | 25 (64) | 18 (46) | 11 (52) | |||
| Admission GCS | <0.0001 | <0.0001† | <0.0001† | |||
| ≤8, n=177 | 58 (33) | 115 (65) | 32 (52) | |||
| 9–12, n=83 | 27 (33) | 36 (43) | 22 (47) | |||
| ≥13, n=313 | 48 (15) | 29 (9) | 75 (26) | |||
| Blood glucose ≥170 mg/dL | 0.007 | <0.0001 | 0.013 | |||
| Yes, n=147 | 46 (31) | 74 (50) | 96 (30) | |||
| No, n=426 | 87 (20) | 106 (25) | 33 (45) | |||
| History of hypertension | 0.012 | 0.16 | 0.11 | |||
| Yes, n=361 | 96 (27) | 121 (34) | 86 (36) | |||
| No, n=212 | 37 (17) | 59 (28) | 43 (28) | |||
| Anti-platelet therapy | 0.013 | 0.031 | 0.12 | |||
| Yes, n=178 | 53 (30) | 67 (38) | 43 (39) | |||
| No, n=395 | 80 (20) | 113 (29) | 86 (30) | |||
| IC and anti-platelet therapy | 0.0003 | 0.14 | 0.58 | |||
| Yes, n=27 | 14 (52) | 12 (44) | 5 (33) | |||
| No, n=546 | 119 (22) | 168 (31) | 124 (33) | |||
| ICH site | 0.8 | 0.37 | 0.44 | |||
| Lobar, n=325 | 74 (23) | 95 (29) | 71 (31) | |||
| Deep gray, n=186 | 46 (25) | 62 (33) | 42 (34) | |||
| Infra, n=62 | 13 (21) | 23 (37) | 16 (41) | |||
| Initial ICH volume, mL | <0.001† | <0.00001† | <0.0001† | |||
| 0.2–29.9, n=345 | 51 (15) | 53 (15) | 84 (29) | |||
| 30–59.9, n=106 | 26 (25) | 37 (35) | 21 (30) | |||
| ≥60, n=122 | 56 (46) | 90 (74) | 24 (75) | |||
| Initial IVH volume, mL | <0.0001† | <0.0001† | 0.001† | |||
| 0, n=306 | 46 (16) | 48 (16) | 68 (26) | |||
| 0.1–4.9, n=136 | 34 (25) | 44 (32) | 38 (41) | |||
| 5–14.9, n=63 | 21 (33) | 35 (56) | 15 (54) | |||
| ≥15, n=68 | 32 (47) | 53 (78) | 8 (53) | |||
| Surgical evacuation | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.006 | |||
| Yes, n=81 | 24 (30) | 21 (26) | 29 (48) | |||
| No, n=492 | 109 (22) | 159 (32) | 100 (30) |
The numbers in the table represent number of patients and the numbers in parenthesis represent percentages.
Defined as a modified Rankin Scale of ≥4 at 3-month follow-up among the 393 survivors.
Independent predictor in multivariate logistic regression analysis (p-value ≤0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analyses for in-hospital mortality and poor outcome among survivors at 3-month follow-up exclude the presence of a spot sign.
NCCT: non-contrast CT; p: p-value using Pearson’s chi square test; n: number of patients; n/a: not applicable; h: hours; CTA: CT angiogram; MABP: mean arterial blood pressure; INR: international normalized ratio; IC: impaired coagulation (defined as INR ≥1.5); ICH: intracerebral hemorrhage; Infra: infratentorial; IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage.