Table 2.
Mortality risk by widowhood, on average: Health and Retirement Study, United States, 1998–2008
| OR (ref = married) | (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Model 1: demographic characteristics | ||
| Overall | 1.29 | (1.17, 1.43) |
| Women | 1.26 | (1.07, 1.49) |
| Men | 1.30 | (1.14, 1.48) |
| Model 2: Model 1 + adult SES | ||
| Overall | 1.18 | (1.07, 1.31) |
| Women | 1.13 | (0.96, 1.34) |
| Men | 1.22 | (1.07, 1.39) |
| Model 3: Model 2 + behavioral risk factors | ||
| Overall | 1.15 | (1.04, 1.28) |
| Women | 1.10 | (0.93, 1.31) |
| Men | 1.17 | (1.02, 1.33) |
| Model 4: Model 3 + co-morbidities | ||
| Overall | 1.14 | (1.02, 1.28) |
| Women | 1.12 | (0.95, 1.32) |
| Men | 1.16 | (1.01, 1.32) |
All models are adjusted for linear for age at baseline, linear and squared. OR = odds ratio. Demographic characteristics include sex, race and age at baseline. Adult SES includes education, household income and household wealth. Behavioral risk factors include BMI (overweight/obese), drinking and smoking. Co-morbidities include self-reported elevated depressive symptoms and self-reported diagnoses of hypertension and diabetes.