Table 3.

Widowhood effect by Duration of Bereavement: Health and Retirement Study, United States, 1998–2008

	First 3 months		3–6 months		6–12 months		12 months+
	OR (ref = married)	(95% CI)	OR (ref = married)	(95% CI)	OR (ref = married)	(95% CI)	OR (ref = married)	(95% CI)
Model 1: demographic characteristics
Overall	1.85	(1.29, 2.64)	1.27	(0.82, 1.98)	1.05	(0.75, 1.48)	1.27	(1.15, 1.40)
Women	1.62	(1.06, 2.49)	1.74	(1.01, 3.02)	1.12	(0.75, 1.69)	1.22	(1.02, 1.45)
Men	2.07	(1.41, 3.05)	0.78	(0.40, 1.50)	0.97	(0.61, 1.56)	1.30	(1.12, 1.51)
Model 2: Model 1 + adult SES
Overall	1.72	(1.20, 2.45)	1.18	(0.76, 1.84)	0.98	(0.69, 1.37)	1.16	(1.05, 1.28)
Women	1.49	(0.98, 2.28)	1.59	(0.91, 2.77)	1.02	(0.68, 1.53)	1.09	(0.91, 1.29)
Men	1.96	(1.33, 2.88)	0.73	(0.38, 1.42)	0.92	(0.57, 1.48)	1.22	(1.05, 1.42)
Model 3: Model 2 + behavioral risk factors
Overall	1.67	(1.17, 2.38)	1.15	(0.73, 1.79)	0.95	(0.67, 1.34)	1.13	(1.02, 1.25)
Women	1.45	(0.95, 2.23)	1.55	(0.90, 2.67)	0.99	(0.66, 1.50)	1.06	(0.89, 1.26)
Men	1.89	(1.29, 2.75)	0.71	(0.36, 1.37)	0.88	(0.55, 1.43)	1.17	(1.01, 1.36)
Model 4: Model 3 + co-morbidities
Overall	1.66	(1.16, 2.38)	1.14	(0.73, 1.79)	0.94	(0.66, 1.33)	1.12	(1.00, 1.25)
Women	1.47	(0.96, 2.24)	1.56	(0.90, 2.71)	1.00	(0.66, 1.52)	1.07	(0.90, 1.28)
Men	1.87	(1.27, 2.75)	0.70	(0.36, 1.35)	0.87	(0.54, 1.42)	1.16	(1.00, 1.35)

All models are adjusted for linear for age at baseline, linear and squared. OR = odds ratio. Demographic characteristics include sex, race and age. Adult SES includes education, household income and household wealth. Behavioral risk factors include BMI (overweight/obese), drinking and smoking. Co-morbidities include self-reported diagnoses of depression, hypertension and diabetes.