Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

	Baseline (N = 1040)
	Male (n = 503)	Female (n = 537)
	M (SD)/Frequency	M (SD)/Frequency
Age	14.8 (0.93)a	14.8 (0.89)a
Parental education1	3.29 (1.34)a	3.13 (1.34)a
Acculturation2	16.0 (3.15)a	15.5 (3.30)b
Social self-control3	29.3 (5.45)a	28.0 (5.65)b
Peer substance use4	4.74 (5.55)a	5.49 (5.60)b
% Cigarette users	10%a	8%a
% Alcohol users	29%a	36%b
% Marijuana users	15%a	15%a
% Hard drug users	4%a	5%a
	Follow-up (N = 846)
	Male (n = 396)	Female (n = 450)
	Frequency	Frequency
% Cigarette users	15%a	11%a
% Alcohol users	38%a	37%a
% Marijuana users	18%a	13%b
% Hard drug users	7%a	6%a

Note. Same-letter subscript across row denotes absence of statistically significant gender difference (p < .05) for the corresponding variable. Different-letter subscript across row denotes statistically significant gender difference (p < .05). Substance use frequency corresponds to any use in past 30-day.

¹Coded as 1 = not completed elementary school, 2 = not completed high school, 3 = completed high school, 4 = some college or job training, 5 = completed college, 6 = completed graduate school;

²Higher score indicates greater English language use;

³Higher score indicates higher social self-control;

⁴Higher score indicates greater number of peers using cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs.