Table 1.
Effects of analgesics on parameters related to thrombosis
| No analgesia | Bupivacaine | Buprenorphine | Tramadol | Carprofen | |
| Vein wall leukocytes (no. of cells/high-power field) | |||||
| 6 h | |||||
| Neutrophils | 12.0; 5.5–24.5 | ↓ 8.0; 2.0–15.8 | ↑ 8.0; 1.5–31.5 | ↓ 5.5; 1.0–11.5 | ↓ 4.5; 1.0–8.5 |
| Macrophages | 1.0; 0.0–1.0 | ↑ 1.0; 0.0–2.0 | 1.0; 0.0–1.0 | ↓ 0.0; 0.0–1.0 | ↑ 0.0; 0.0–2.0 |
| Lymphocytes | 1.0; 0.0–2.0 | 1.0; 0.0–2.0 | ↑ 1.0; 0.0–2.5 | ↑ 1.0; 0.5–3.0 | ↑ 1.0; 0.0–3.0 |
| 48 h | |||||
| Neutrophils | 14.5; 8.0–17.5 | ↑ 14.0; 4.3–21.8 | ↓ 11.0; 7.0–19.3 | ↑ 18.0; 9.5–44.0 | ↓ 7.0; 3.0–11.5 |
| Macrophages | 3.0; 2.0–4.0 | ↓ 2.0; 1.0–3.0 | ↓ 2.0; 1.0–2.5 | ↓ 2.0; 1.0–3.0 | ↓ 1.5; 1.0–3.0 |
| Lymphocytes | 3.0; 1.0–4.0 | ↓ 2.0; 1.0–3.5 | ↓ 2.0; 2.0–3.0 | ↓ 2.0; 1.0–3.0 | ↓ 3.0; 2.0–4.0 |
| Vein wall cytokines (pg/μg protein) | |||||
| 6 h | |||||
| IL1β | 18.9 ± 3.4 | ↑ 18.9 ± 4.3 | ↑ 20.1 ± 4.8 | ↑ 20.0 ± 5.8 | ↑ 22.4 ± 7.2 |
| IL6 | 4059.5 ± 545.9 | ↑ 4106.6 ± 850.7 | ↑ 5446.5 ± 1061.8 | ↑ 10066.9 ± 3144.7 | ↓ 3395.2 ± 682.2 |
| IL10 | 32.8 ± 7.0 | ↓ 17.2 ± 2.4 | ↓ 30.9 ± 3.7 | ↑ 62.4 ± 19.9 | ↓ 31.4 ± 5.6 |
| 48 h | |||||
| IL1β | 14.0 ± 3.4 | ↑ 16.3 ± 3.9 | ↑ 18.4 ± 2.8 | ↓ 11.5 ± 2.2 | ↑ 20.7 ± 5.1 |
| IL6 | 596.5 ± 79.6 | ↓ 330.6 ± 45.3 | ↓ 449.6 ± 100.4 | ↓ 444.0 ± 53.9 | ↓ 249.1 ± 64.0 |
| IL10 | 20.4; 14.1–31.6 | ↓ 13.1; 10.1–20.1 | ↑ 17.7; 7.1–49.8 | ↓ 10.9; 9.2–26.0 | ↓ 13.0; 9.3–19.5 |
| Circulating IL6 (pg/μg protein) | |||||
| 6 h | 21.6 ± 4.6 | ↓ 17.2 ± 2.4 | ↓ 11.5 ± 1.6 | ↓ 11.7 ± 2.4 | ↓ 9.7 ± 1.7 |
| 48 h | 1.2; 1.0–1.4 | ↑ 2.1; 1.1–2.9 | ↑ 1.6; 1.2–3.8 | ↑ 2.6; 1.4–4.2 | ↑ 1.1; 0.7–1.9 |
| CBC (× 103 cells/μL) | |||||
| 6 h | |||||
| WBC | 4.42; 3.22–4.83 | ↓ 4.02; 3.23–4.69 | ↑ 4.75; 3.51–6.33 | ↓ 3.82; 2.46–4.31 | ↑ 5.22; 4.79–5.41 |
| Neutrophils | 3.04; 2.40–3.58 | ↑ 2.82; 2.09–3.44 | ↑ 3.45; 2.68–4.65 | ↑ 2.03; 1.82–3.15 | ↑ 3.72; 3.58–4.01 |
| Lymphocytes | 0.92; 0.67–1.20 | ↑ 0.88; 0.68–1.26 | ↑ 1.13; 0.71–1.43 | ↓ 1.03; 0.53–1.22 | ↑ 1.22; 0.96–1.70 |
| Monocytes | 0.11; 0.10–0.20 | ↑ 0.17; 0.11–0.32 | ↑ 0.12; 0.05–0.19 | ↓ 0.07; 0.06–0.08 | ↓ 0.17; 0.11–0.29 |
| Platelets | 626; 576–659 | ↑ 683; 604–835 | ↑ 620; 572–722 | ↓ 478; 347–730 | ↑ 671; 635–708 |
| 48 h | |||||
| WBC | 4.16; 2.45–4.80 | ↑ 6.34; 3.88–6.74 | ↓ 2.82; 2.06–4.21 | ↓ 3.24; 2.21–3.95 | ↓ 3.12; 2.50–4.80 |
| Neutrophils | 1.76; 1.25–1.86 | ↑ 3.09; 1.70–3.64 | ↓ 1.54; 1.07–2.05 | ↓ 1.14; 0.90–1.51 | ↓ 1.03; 0.76–1.55 |
| Lymphocytes | 2.20; 1.15–2.89 | ↑ 2.60; 2.09–3.21 | ↓ 1.25; 0.93–2.04 | ↓ 1.82; 1.12–2.07 | ↑ 1.89; 1.56–2.95 |
| Monocytes | 0.08; 0.05–0.10 | ↓ 0.07; 0.06–0.09 | ↓ 0.05; 0.04–0.11 | ↑ 0.28; 0.12–0.37 | ↑ 0.23; 0.13–0.27 |
| Platelets | 359; 281–485 | ↑ 430; 367–549 | ↑ 484; 411–626 | ↓ 324; 277–364 | ↓ 307; 295–337 |
| Hct (%) | |||||
| 6 h | 38.4; 38.2–38.8 | ↑ 39.6; 38.6–41.5 | 38.8; 37.9–40.8 | ↓ 38.7; 35.2–40.9 | ↑ 42.1; 38.5–44.3 |
| 48 h | 36.2; 35.3–39.4 | ↓ 34.1; 31.6–35.8 | ↓ 31.6; 31.0–33.6 | ↓ 31.0; 27.4–34.2 | ↓ 36.9; 35.0–37.1 |
| Soluble P-selectin (pg/μg protein) | |||||
| 6 h | 6.13; 5.90–7.67 | ↓ 5.78; 5.35–6.09 | ↑ 9.95; 6.62–10.90 | ↑ 8.47; 7.80–10.31 | ↑ 7.22; 6.29–7.73 |
| 48 h | 9.98; 8.94–11.39 | ↑ 11.99; 8.84–12.23 | ↑ 9.76; 8.43–13.11 | ↑ 13.63; 10.16–13.88 | ↓ 9.73; 9.31–10.89 |
| Thrombus weight (mg) | |||||
| 6 h | 13.1 ± 0.7 | ↑ 17.6 ± 1.4 | ↑ 13.9 ± 1.5 | ↑ 15.6 ± 1.2 | ↓ 12.3 ± 4.2 |
| 48 h | 30.5 ± 1.2 | ↓ 27.6 ± 1.3 | ↓ 27.5 ± 1.3 | ↓ 26.7 ± 1.3 | ↓ 26.6 ± 1.1 |
Results reported as mean ± SEM for parametric data and median and interquartile range for nonparametric data. Bold text indicates values that are significantly (P < 0.05) different from that of the no-analgesia group.