Table 3. Associations between mothers' pregnancy behaviors in the Child Health and Development Studies and adult sons' semen measures in the Study of the Environment and Reproduction study, estimated from linear regression.
| Concentrationa | Motility (% motile) | Morphology (% normal) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Coefficientb | 95% CIc | Coefficientc | 95% CIc | Coefficientb | 95% CIc | |
| (1) Unadjusted models | ||||||
| (a) Maternal coffee consumption (5 cups per day) | −0.4* | −0.8, 0.1 | −6.6+ | −12.7, −0.4 | −2.1+ | −3.7, −0.5 |
| (b) Maternal alcohol consumption (1 drink per week) | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 | 0.4 | −0.5, 1.3 | 0.1 | −0.2, 0.3 |
| (c) Maternal cigarette smoking | ||||||
| Current (yes/no) | 0.0 | −0.4, 0.4 | −3.8 | −9.7, 2.0 | −0.8 | −2.3, 0.7 |
| Past (yes/no) | −0.2 | −0.6, 0.2 | −0.7 | −6.6, 5.2 | −0.0 | −1.5, 1.5 |
| (d) Son coffee consumption (1 cup per day) | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 | 0.5 | −0.6, 1.6 | 0.1 | −0.2, 0.4 |
| (e) Son alcohol consumption (1 drink per week) | −0.0 | −0.0, 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.3, 0.2 | −0.1 | −0.1, 0.0 |
| (f) Son cigarette smoking | ||||||
| Current (yes/no) | 0.1 | −0.4, 0.6 | −9.2+ | −16.1, −2.2 | −1.9+ | −3.7, −0.1 |
| Past (yes/no) | −0.2 | −0.7, 0.3 | −4.3 | −11.0, 2.4 | −1.8+ | −3.6, 0.0 |
| (2) Adjusted Models | ||||||
| (a) Adjusted for maternal behaviors: | ||||||
| Maternal coffee consumption (5 cups per day) | −0.5* | −1.0, 0.0 | −6.0* | −12.7, 0.7 | −2.1+ | −3.8, −0.4 |
| Maternal alcohol consumption (1 drink per week)) | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 | 0.7 | 20.3, 1.6 | 0.1 | 20.1, 0.4 |
| Maternal cigarette smoking | ||||||
| Current (yes/no) | 0.0 | −0.4, 0.5 | −3.9 | −10.4, 2.6 | −0.6 | −2.2, 1.1 |
| Past (yes/no) | −0.4 | −0.9, 0.1 | −1.5 | −8.2, 5.2 | −0.8 | −2.5, 0.9 |
| (b) Adjusted for maternal and adult son's behavior: | ||||||
| Maternal coffee consumption (5 cups per day) | −0.6* | −1.2, 0.0 | −7.5* | −15.6, 0.6 | −2.1+ | −4.3, 0.1 |
| Maternal alcohol consumption (1 drink per week) | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 | 0.7 | −0.3, 1.8 | 0.1 | −0.2, 0.4 |
| Maternal cigarette smoking | ||||||
| Current (yes/no) | 0.1 | −0.4, 0.6 | −3.1 | −9.7, 3.5 | −0.5 | −2.2, 1.2 |
| Past (yes/no) | −0.3 | −0.9, 0.2 | −1.1 | −8.3, 6.1 | −0.4 | −2.3, 1.4 |
| Son coffee consumption (1 cup per day) | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 | 0.3 | −1.0, 1.6 | 0.1 | −0.3, 0.5 |
| Son alcohol consumption (1 drink per week) | −0.0 | −0.0, 0.0 | 0.1 | −0.2, 0.4 | −0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 |
| Son cigarette smoking | ||||||
| Current (yes/no) | 0.3 | −0.3, 0.9 | −8.3* | −16.9, 0.3 | −1.4 | −3.7, 0.9 |
| Past (yes/no) | −0.0 | −0.6, 0.6 | −4.2 | −12.5, 4.0 | −1.0 | −3.4, 1.3 |
Bold values connote statistical signifance at P-value ≤ 0.10.
*
P-value < 0.10.
+
P-value ⩽ 0.05.
a
Concentration is cube-root transformed from units of 106 /ml.
b
Coefficient represents change in semen measure per unit of exposure.
c
CI = confidence interval (lower, upper).