Table 1.

Basic characteristics of the study participants [mean ± SD or n (%)].

Characteristic	Participants
	All	Diabetica	Non­diabetic
All participants	374 (100)	66 (17.6)	308 (82.4)
Females	252 (67.4)	44 (17.5)	208 (82.5)
Males	122 (32.6)	22 (18.0)	100 (82.0)
Age (years)	49.2 ± 15.6	56 ± 12.0*	48 ± 16.0*
As in drinking water (ppb)	55.2 ± 52.8	60.0 ± 50.9	54.1 ± 53.2
BMI	29.2 ± 6.1	30.8 ± 5.4*	28.9 ± 6.2*
26 ≤ BMI < 30	108 (29)	19 (29)	79 (26)
BMI ≥ 30	155 (41)	31 (47)	124 (40)
FPG (mg/dL)	95.9 ± 39.5	155.7 ± 62.8*	83.2 ± 12.1*
2HPG (mg/dL)	118.6 ± 60.4	204.9 ± 86.0*	100.4 ± 31.1*
FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL	38 (10.2)	38 (57.6)	0 (0)
2HPG ≥ 200 mg/dL	33 (8.8)	33 (50.0)	0 (0)
Self-reported diabetes diagnosis	43 (11.5)	43 (65.2)	0 (0)
Self-reported diabetes medication	30 (8.0)	30 (45.5)	0 (0)
EUC count in 100 mL urineb	374,008 ± 726,387	352,165 ± 468,388	378,689 ± 771,036
Sum of As speciesc in EUC (pg As/10,000 cells)	127.7 ± 359.6	90.3 ± 202.1	135.7 ± 384.8
Sum of As species in urine (ng As/mL)	73.9 ± 73.2	82.0 ± 74.9	72.1 ± 72.9
Creatinine concentration in urine (mg/dL)	129.2 ± 90.2	127.1 ± 85.7	129.6 ± 91.3
Sum of As species in urine normalized for creatinine (ng As/mg creatinine)	65.7 ± 66.5	73.1 ± 77.9	64.2 ± 63.8
Specific gravity of urine	1.014 ± 0.007	1.017 ± 0.008*	1.014 ± 0.007*
Sum of As species in urine normalized for specific gravity (ng As/specific gravity unit)	109.7 ± 101.8	92.6 ± 62	113.4 ± 108.2
aDiabetic individuals were classified by either FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL, 2HPG ≥ 200 mg/dL, self-report of doctor diagnosis, or use of medication for treatment of diabetes. bNeither red nor white blood cells were included in the cell counts. cSum of As species = iAsV + iAsIII + MAsV + MAsIII + DMAsV + DMAsIII. *p < 0.05, for continuous variables, comparing participants with and without diabetes by Student’s t-test.