Table 1.
Characteristics of the cohort by incident diabetes status at follow-up, for two definitions of diabetes based on the Danish NDR [n (%) or median (5th, 95th percentile)].
| Characteristic | Total cohort | All diabetesa | Strict diabetesb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 52,931 (100) | 4,304 (100) | 3,035 (100) |
| Age (years) | 56.1 (50.7, 64.2) | 57.1 (50.9, 64.4) | 57.0 (50.8, 64.5) |
| Males | 25,102 (47.4) | 2,438 (56.6) | 1,807 (59.5) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 (20.4, 33.2) | 28.5 (22.3, 38.0) | 29.1 (22.8, 38.8) |
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 444 (0.8) | 13 (0.3) | 9 (0.3) |
| Normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) | 23,013 (43.5) | 814 (18.9) | 436 (14.4) |
| Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) | 22,040 (41.6) | 1,880 (43.7) | 1,324 (43.6) |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 7,434 (14.0) | 1,597 (37.1) | 1,266 (41.7) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 88 (69, 110) | 98 (75, 121) | 100 (78, 122) |
| Length of education (years) | |||
| < 8 | 17,245 (32.6) | 1,699 (39.5) | 1,260 (41.5) |
| 8–10 | 24,468 (46.2) | 1,923 (44.7) | 1,330 (43.8) |
| > 10 | 11,218 (21.2) | 682 (15.9) | 445 (14.7) |
| Occupational status | |||
| Employed | 41,614 (78.6) | 3,144 (73.0) | 2,185 (72.0) |
| Unemployed/retired | 11,317 (21.4) | 1,160 (27.0) | 850 (28.0) |
| SESc | |||
| Low | 7,514 (14.2) | 690 (16.0) | 585 (19.3) |
| Low/medium | 24,214 (45.8) | 1,902 (44.2) | 1,366 (45.0) |
| Medium/high | 9,814 (18.5) | 783 (18.2) | 594 (19.6) |
| High | 11,389 (21.5) | 929 (21.6) | 492 (16.1) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 18,790 (35.5) | 1,274 (29.6) | 861 (28.4) |
| Previous | 14,874 (28.1) | 1,316 (30.6) | 904 (29.8) |
| Current | 19,267 (36.4) | 1,714 (39.8) | 1,270 (41.8) |
| ETS | 33,809 (63.9) | 2,944 (68.4) | 2,126 (70.1) |
| Diet | |||
| Fruit intake (g/day) | 145 (22.9, 472) | 143 (19.7, 463) | 138 (18.6, 454) |
| Vegetable intake (g/day) | 158 (48.1, 351) | 140 (41.8, 332) | 136 (39.8, 324) |
| Saturated fat intake (g/day) | 31.1 (15.8, 55.2) | 31.4 (15.7, 56.4) | 31.7 (16.3, 57.4) |
| Total intake of tap water (L/day)d | 1.63 (0.70, 2.90) | 1.60 (0.60, 2.80) | 1.60 (0.56, 2.81) |
| Alcohol use | 49,948 (94.4) | 3,984 (92.6) | 2,794 (92.1) |
| Cumulative alcohol use (g)e | 14.1 (1.31, 65.3) | 14.7 (1.00, 76.4) | 15.0 (1.00, 80.1) |
| Activity | |||
| Physically active or play sports in leisure time | 28,754 (54.3) | 1,900 (44.1) | 1,243 (41.0) |
| Physical activity (hr/week)f | 2.0 (0.5, 7.0) | 2.0 (0.5, 6.0) | 2.0 (0.5, 6.0) |
| Arsenic at baseline (μg/L) | 0.70 (0.05, 2.11) | 0.70 (0.05, 2.11) | 0.70 (0.43, 2.11) |
| aIncludes hospital admissions for diabetes, diabetes medication, reimbursement for chiropody due to diabetes, or glucose blood tests. bExcludes cases that were based solely on blood tests. cBased on work-market affiliation, income, and education standards for the municipality each person lived in at enrollment. dTotal sum of tap water, coffee, tea, and fruit syrup/cordial diluted with tap water that was reported at enrollment. eBased on all alcohol drinkers. fBased on “physically active/play sports in leisure time” participants. | |||