Table 1. Characteristics of patients enrolled as cases and controls.
| Characteristic | Case Patients (n = 366) | Control Patients (n = 1,464) | Standardized Difference |
| Median (IQR) age (years) | 78 (71–83) | 78 (71–83) | 0 |
| Age group (years) | |||
| 66–75 | 149 (40.7) | 596 (40.7) | 0 |
| 76–85 | 159 (43.4) | 636 (43.4) | 0 |
| 86+ | 58 (15.5) | 232 (15.8) | 0 |
| Male | 145 (39.6) | 580 (39.6) | 0 |
| Income quintile | |||
| 1 (lowest) | 73 (19.9) | 296 (20.2) | 0.01 |
| 2 | 67 (18.3) | 308 (21.0) | 0.07 |
| 3 | 81 (22.1) | 282 (19.3) | 0.07 |
| 4 | 73 (19.9) | 264 (18.0) | 0.05 |
| 5 | 70 (19.1) | 264 (18.0) | 0.03 |
| Missing | ≤5a | 50 (3.4) | 0.17 |
| Residence in LTC | 32 (8.7) | 103 (7.0) | 0.07 |
| Median (IQR) number of distinct drugs used in previous yearb | 12 (7–16) | 7 (3–11) | 0.69 |
| Diabetes | 26 (7.1) | 65 (4.4) | 0.12 |
| Congestive heart failure | 45 (12.3) | 84 (5.7) | 0.26 |
| Liver disease | 6 (1.6) | 11 (0.8) | 0.09 |
| Systemic malignancy | 49 (13.4) | 47 (3.2) | 0.46 |
| Alcoholism | 10 (2.7) | ≤5a | 0.32 |
| Hypertension | 22 (6.0) | 82 (5.6) | 0.02 |
| Steroid use | 54 (14.8) | 116 (7.9) | 0.24 |
| CKD in one year prior | 32 (8.7) | 128 (8.7) | 0 |
| Loop diureticsc | 71 (19.4) | 284 (19.4) | 0 |
| Thiazide diureticsc | 72 (19.7) | 288 (19.7) | 0 |
| Other diureticsc | 17 (4.6) | 68 (4.6) | 0 |
a
Cell sizes lower than 6 are suppressed in accordance with institutional privacy regulations.
b
Number of distinct drugs is a surrogate marker for comorbidity.
c
Prescription in the prior 90 days.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; LTC, long term care.