Table 2.

Thrombin as a therapeutic target in OA.

	Drug	Target	Reference
Thrombin antagonists	Vorapaxar (SCH530348)	PAR1 antagonist	[81, 82]
	Atopaxar (E5555)	PAR1 antagonist	[81, 82]
	Hirudin	Cleave fibrinogen and PAR-1	[74, 83–85]
Herbal medicines	Curcuminoids	Anti-inflammatory	[88, 89]
		Chondrocytes protection	[88]
	β-Ecdysterone (Ecd)	Bax and p53 reduction	[90]
		Increase Bcl-xL expression,	[90]
		Inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation,	[90]
		IκBα degradation, MMP-3,	[90]
		MMP-9, and COX-2 expression	[90]
	Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae/Bombacoideae)	Coagulation intrinsic pathway	[91]
		Prolong clotting time	[91]
	Quassia africana (Simaroubaceae/C. pentandra)	Coagulation intrinsic pathway	[91]
		Prolong clotting time	[91]