Table 2. Distribution of economically active men (%), age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR)a and rate ratio (RR) of all-cause and cause-specific mortality by occupational class, men, age 30–59b.
| All causes | All cancer | All CVD | All external | All other | ||||||||||||
| % | ASMR | RR | (95% CI) | ASMR | RR | (95% CI) | ASMR | RR | (95% CI) | ASMR | RR | (95% CI) | ASMR | RR | (95% CI) | |
| NORTH | ||||||||||||||||
| Finland | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 19 | 187 | 1 | 50 | 1 | 50 | 1 | 53 | 1 | 34 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | 20,4 | 295 | 1,57 | (1.48–1.66) | 68 | 1,39 | (1.24–1.55) | 83 | 1,64 | (1.47–1.83) | 79 | 1,47 | (1.32–1.65) | 64 | 1,87 | (1,64–2,13) |
| Skilled manual | 26,5 | 454 | 2,4 | (2.28–2.53) | 84 | 1,7 | (1.54–1.89) | 120 | 2,34 | (2.12–2.58) | 143 | 2,66 | (2.42–2.94) | 107 | 3,09 | (2.75–3.48) |
| Unskilled manual | 20,3 | 645 | 3,42 | (3.24–3.60) | 103 | 2,09 | (1.88–2.32) | 176 | 3,46 | (3.37–3.64) | 204 | 3,78 | (3.43–4.17) | 163 | 4,75 | (4.23–5.34) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 13,8 | 272 | 1,42 | (1.33–1.50) | 54 | 1,1 | (0.97–1.24) | 79 | 1,52 | (1.53–1.70) | 89 | 1,6 | (1.43–1.80) | 50 | 1,44 | (1.25–1.66) |
| Sweden | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 30,8 | 151 | 1 | 51 | 1 | 34 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 15 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | 9,3 | 237 | 1,57 | (1.49–1.66) | 62 | 1,23 | (1.11–1.36) | 54 | 1,58 | (1.41–1.77) | 39 | 1,34 | (1.17–1.54) | 35 | 2,4 | (2.05–2.82) |
| Skilled manual | 23,8 | 289 | 1,92 | (1.84–2.00) | 71 | 1,41 | (1.30–1.52) | 61 | 1,77 | (1.62–1.94) | 63 | 2,14 | (1.94–2.35) | 44 | 2,97 | (2.62–3.37) |
| Unskilled manual | 29,7 | 376 | 2,49 | (2.39–2.59) | 79 | 1,56 | (1.45–168) | 83 | 2,42 | (2.23–2.63) | 71 | 2,4 | (2.19–2.63) | 64 | 4,34 | (3.86–4.88) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 6,4 | 205 | 1,34 | (1.27–1.42) | 63 | 1,2 | (1.08–1.33) | 43 | 1,3 | (1.15–147) | 46 | 1,54 | (1.34–1.77) | 24 | 1,52 | (1.27–1.82) |
| Denmark | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 18,4 | 157 | 1 | 69 | 1 | 33 | 1 | 19 | 1 | 32 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | 12,5 | 234 | 1,45 | (1.33–1.57) | 79 | 1,14 | (1.01–1.29) | 53 | 1,58 | (1.34–1.86) | 32 | 1,59 | (1.29–1.97) | 54 | 1,66 | (1.40–1.97) |
| Skilled manual | 36,4 | 366 | 2,36 | (2.22–2.52) | 110 | 1,58 | (1.45–1.73) | 72 | 2,18 | (1.92–2.47) | 58 | 3,03 | (2.58–3.57) | 99 | 3,12 | (2.75–3.54) |
| Unskilled manual | 20,5 | 526 | 3,47 | (3.25–3.70) | 138 | 1,99 | (1.81–2.19) | 95 | 2,84 | (2.49–3.24) | 77 | 3,99 | (3.37–4.72) | 164 | 5,12 | (4.50–5.83) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 12,2 | 230 | 1,47 | (1.36–1.58) | 84 | 1,22 | (1.09–1.36) | 47 | 1,4 | (1.20–1.64) | 43 | 2,19 | (1.81–2.65) | 54 | 1,69 | (1.45–1.98) |
| WEST | ||||||||||||||||
| England & Wales | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 42,7 | 174 | 1 | 77 | 1 | 49 | 1 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | 5,5 | 183 | 1,05 | (0.76–1.47) | 59 | 0,77 | (0.44–1.36) | 55 | 1,12 | (0.61–2.04) | 12 | 0,59 | (0.18–1.90) | 58 | 2,31 | (1.20–4.44) |
| Skilled manual | 13,5 | 278 | 1,59 | (1.30–1.94) | 101 | 1,31 | (0.96–1.79) | 90 | 1,78 | (1.25–2.54) | 27 | 1,21 | (0.66–2.20) | 58 | 2,36 | (1.45–3.83) |
| Unskilled manual | 22,9 | 371 | 2,12 | (1.81–2.48) | 92 | 1,18 | (0.90–1.54) | 125 | 2,51 | (1.90–3.31) | 57 | 2,44 | (1.60–3.71) | 99 | 4,13 | (2.84–5.99) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 15,4 | 229 | 1,28 | (1.06–1.54) | 80 | 1 | (0.75–1.35) | 72 | 1,4 | (1.01–1.96) | 42 | 1,82 | (1.13–2.95) | 35 | 1,44 | (0.89–2.32) |
| Scotland | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 39,6 | 146 | 1 | 60 | 1 | 43 | 1 | 15 | 1 | 28 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | 6,3 | 192 | 1,4 | (1.16–2.30) | 69 | 1,11 | (0.53–2.33) | 34 | 0,8 | (0.29–2.22) | 42 | 3,41 | (1.42–8.71) | 43 | 1,65 | (0.54–3.64) |
| Skilled manual | 15,7 | 249 | 1,72 | (1.47–3.08) | 74 | 1,23 | (0.77–1.97) | 63 | 1,44 | (0.84–2.46) | 41 | 2,78 | (1.37–6.18) | 65 | 2,5 | (1.06–3.56) |
| Unskilled manual | 25,6 | 398 | 2,7 | (2.40–4.63) | 111 | 1,85 | (1.29–2.66) | 105 | 2,37 | (1.57–3.58) | 65 | 4,08 | (2.29–8.26) | 103 | 3,91 | (1.69–4.58) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 12,8 | 175 | 1,25 | (0.93–1.69) | 61 | 1,04 | (0.64–1.70) | 58 | 1,32 | (0.77–2.24) | 23 | 1,83 | (0.77–4.38) | 33 | 1,26 | (0.61–2.48) |
| Netherlands | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 43,5 | 160 | 1 | 81 | 1 | 41 | 1 | 22 | 1 | 26 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | 10,8 | 210 | 1,33 | (0.91–2.16) | 94 | 1,17 | (0.86–1.60) | 68 | 1,71 | (1.20–2.44) | 26 | 1,25 | (0.70–2.22) | 28 | 1,18 | (0.69–2.00) |
| Skilled manual | 14,6 | 239 | 1,5 | (1.30–2.28) | 94 | 1,16 | (0.88–1.54) | 76 | 1,91 | (1.40–2.61) | 37 | 1,61 | (1.00–2.59) | 37 | 1,66 | (1.08–2.56) |
| Unskilled manual | 14,9 | 318 | 2,04 | (2.16–3.37) | 125 | 1,6 | (1.25–2.06) | 92 | 2,3 | (1.71–3.10) | 49 | 2,4 | (1.57–3.67) | 52 | 2,45 | (1.66–3.62) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 16,2 | 174 | 1,11 | (0.94–1.32) | 73 | 0,92 | (0.70–1.21) | 52 | 1,31 | (0.95–1.80) | 20 | 1 | (0.59–1.69) | 37 | 1,43 | (0.97–2.12) |
| France | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 39,9 | 217 | 1 | 98 | 1 | 33 | 1 | 43 | 1 | 42 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | 8,2 | 479 | 2,29 | (1.91–2.74) | 184 | 1,88 | (1.42–2.50) | 47 | 1,67 | (0.98–2.86) | 110 | 2,64 | (1.83–3.81) | 135 | 3,23 | (2.23–4.68) |
| Skilled manual | 25 | 443 | 2,02 | (1.76–2.31) | 178 | 1,76 | (1.44–2.16) | 78 | 2,47 | (1.76–3.47) | 76 | 1,79 | (1.33–2.42) | 107 | 2,4 | (1.78–3.25) |
| Unskilled manual | 13,8 | 598 | 2,73 | (2.34–3.19) | 234 | 2,3 | (1.81–2.92) | 81 | 2,62 | (1.72–3.97) | 115 | 2,65 | (1.92–3.67) | 158 | 3,66 | (2.61–5.13) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 13,1 | 235 | 1,08 | (0.90–1.29) | 81 | 0,79 | (0.59–1.06) | 41 | 1,33 | (0.85–2.06) | 56 | 1,32 | (0.90–1.94) | 57 | 1,34 | (0.92–1.97) |
| Switzerland c , d | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 57,1 | 162 | 1 | 59 | 1 | 36 | 1 | 35 | 1 | 32 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Skilled manual | 17,6 | 320 | 2,15 | (2.04–2.26) | 105 | 1,77 | (1.62–1.94) | 64 | 1,76 | (1.57–1.98) | 65 | 1,85 | (1.66–2.07) | 74 | 2,32 | (2.07–2.61) |
| Unskilled manual | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Farmers & self-employed | 25,3 | 180 | 1,13 | (1.07–1.19) | 61 | 1,03 | (0.94–1.12) | 41 | 1,12 | (1.00–1.24) | 50 | 1,42 | (1.28–1.57) | 27 | 0,86 | (0.76–0.97) |
| Austria c | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 48,2 | 199 | 1 | 67 | 1 | 60 | 1 | 48 | 1 | 24 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Skilled manual | 32,2 | 317 | 1,34 | (1.23–1.46) | 90 | 1,13 | (0.96–1.32) | 85 | 1,19 | (1.02–1.40) | 84 | 1,58 | (1.36–1.84) | 53 | 1,69 | (1.35–2.11) |
| Unskilled manual | 6,4 | 400 | 1,74 | (1.51–2.02) | 151 | 1,78 | (1.37–2.31) | 106 | 1,71 | (1.31–2.25) | 61 | 1,29 | (0.95–1.76) | 77 | 2,65 | (1.83–3.86) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 13,2 | 196 | 1,42 | (1.27–1.59) | 58 | 1,17 | (0.95–1.45) | 59 | 1,26 | (1.02–1.56) | 63 | 1,68 | (1.38–2.05) | 18 | 1,43 | (1.01–2.03) |
| SOUTH | ||||||||||||||||
| Spain (Basque) | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 24 | 184 | 1 | 98 | 1 | 38 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 27 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | 14,9 | 280 | 1,53 | (1.39–1.69) | 137 | 1,41 | (1.23–1.62) | 62 | 1,6 | (1.29–1.97) | 34 | 1,67 | (1.27–2.19) | 45 | 1,71 | (1.33–2.20) |
| Skilled manual | 36,6 | 335 | 1,86 | (1.72–2.01) | 150 | 1,54 | (1.38–1.72) | 68 | 1,79 | (1.51–2.13) | 53 | 2,64 | (2.13–3.28) | 62 | 2,39 | (1.95–2.93) |
| Unskilled manual | 21,7 | 412 | 2,29 | (2.11–2.49) | 181 | 1,86 | (1.65–2.10) | 78 | 2,06 | (1.71–2.49) | 55 | 2,74 | (2.18–3.46) | 99 | 3,82 | (3.10–4.70) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 2,8 | 325 | 1,8 | (1.54–2.11) | 135 | 1,4 | (1.10–1.78) | 66 | 1,73 | (1.22–2.45) | 53 | 2,19 | (1.81–2.65) | 70 | 1,69 | (1.45–1.98) |
| Spain (Madrid) | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 26,9 | 202 | 1 | 97 | 1 | 39 | 1 | 19 | 1 | 47 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | 34,7 | 297 | 1,51 | (1.38–1.65) | 117 | 1,21 | (1.06–1.39) | 63 | 1,65 | (1.35–2.02) | 29 | 1,61 | (1.23–2.11) | 86 | 1,9 | (1.60–2.27) |
| Skilled manual | 30,3 | 339 | 1,71 | (1.57–1.88) | 146 | 1,5 | (1.32–1.72) | 55 | 1,45 | (1.17–1.79) | 39 | 2,14 | (1.64–2.80) | 96 | 2,11 | (1.77–2.52) |
| Unskilled manual | 7,2 | 458 | 2,3 | (2.03–2.61) | 188 | 1,95 | (1.62–2.36) | 69 | 1,83 | (1.35–2.49) | 39 | 1,94 | (1.30–2.90) | 164 | 3,53 | (2.80–4.46) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 0,9 | 326 | 1,68 | (1.24–2.26) | 142 | 1,47 | (0.92–2.33) | 74 | 1,96 | (1.03–3.73) | 29 | 1,84 | (0.75–4.55) | 81 | 1,77 | (0.97–3.23) |
| Italy (Turin) | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 24,7 | 158 | 1 | 68 | 1 | 48 | 1 | 23 | 1 | 19 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | 20,2 | 219 | 1,4 | (1.12–1.59) | 99 | 1,46 | (1.08–1.83) | 53 | 1,17 | (0.82–1.59) | 23 | 0,97 | (0.57–1.54) | 42 | 2,25 | (1.25–3.18) |
| Skilled manual | 18,5 | 288 | 1,81 | (1.44–2.04) | 127 | 1,87 | (1.39–2.33) | 69 | 1,47 | (1.02–1.98) | 30 | 1,17 | (0.69–1.84) | 61 | 3,18 | (1.76–4.40) |
| Unskilled manual | 17,8 | 346 | 2,21 | (1.84–2.56) | 144 | 2,07 | (1.59–2.64) | 66 | 1,47 | (1.05–2.02) | 39 | 1,68 | (1.06–2.61) | 103 | 5,49 | (3.39–7.86) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 18,8 | 218 | 1,39 | (1.17–1.65) | 79 | 1,16 | (0.88–1.52) | 61 | 1,33 | (0.97–1.82) | 39 | 1,65 | (1.07–2.54) | 40 | 2,04 | (1.29–3.24) |
| Italy (Tuscany) | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 47,5 | 153 | 1 | 72 | 1 | 36 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 25 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | 15,6 | 202 | 1,31 | (1.05–1.63) | 102 | 1,43 | (1.05–1.95) | 35 | 0,96 | (0.58–1.59) | 22 | 0,95 | (0.50–1.81) | 42 | 1,78 | (1.07–2.97) |
| Skilled manual | 26,4 | 236 | 1,56 | (1.30–1.86) | 98 | 1,38 | (1.06–1.80) | 45 | 1,27 | (0.86–1.87) | 36 | 1,66 | (1.05–2.62) | 57 | 2,4 | (1.58–3.64) |
| Unskilled manual | 10,1 | 263 | 1,72 | (1.35–2.20) | 108 | 1,49 | (1.03–2.16) | 51 | 1,43 | (0.83–2.45) | 35 | 1,61 | (0.84–3.06) | 69 | 2,98 | (1.71–5.18) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 0,4 | 299 | 1,95 | (0.81–4.73) | 48 | 0,82 | (0.11–5.85) | 250 | 6,31 | (2.30–17.26) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| BALTIC | ||||||||||||||||
| Lithuania | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper non-manual | 13,7 | 317 | 1 | 75 | 1 | 110 | 1 | 105 | 1 | 28 | 1 | |||||
| Lower non-manual | 2 | 505 | 1,55 | (1.33–1.79) | 131 | 1,77 | (1.30–2.39) | 163 | 1,49 | (1.14–1.94) | 129 | 1,24 | (0.96–1.59) | 82 | 2,87 | (1.93–4.24) |
| Skilled manual | 25,1 | 717 | 2,24 | (2.12–2.41) | 148 | 1,93 | (1.69–2.23) | 221 | 1,98 | (1.78–2.23) | 249 | 2,34 | (2.12–2.62) | 92 | 3,34 | (2.75–4.17) |
| Unskilled manual | 23,1 | 826 | 2,56 | (2.43–2.77) | 158 | 2 | (1.76–2.34) | 245 | 2,18 | (1.97–2.49) | 306 | 2,85 | (2.60–3.21) | 103 | 3,73 | (3.08–4.72) |
| Farmers & self-employed | 36,1 | 648 | 2,86 | (2.69–3.04) | 113 | 2,04 | (1.78–2.34) | 172 | 2,17 | (1.95–2.42) | 275 | 3,59 | (3.26–3.97) | 89 | 4,53 | (3.73–5.51) |
a
Direct age standardised mortality rates (deaths per 100,000 person-years).
b
Results are corrected for exclusion of economically inactive.
c
Both non-manual categories combined.
d
Both manual categories combined.