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. 2014 Sep 30;9(9):e108559. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108559

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© 2014 Xie et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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Morphologically intact synapse (arrows) are indicated and do not change by the effect of Grb10 Interacting GYF Protein 2 (GIGYF2)-short hairpin (sh) RNA. By contrast, in the DM group, hyperglycaemia results in a significant decrease in synapse density and swollen axons at 10 weeks after streptozotocin injection. Values of the quantity of the spine density are determined by pictures of 8000 times amplification using stereological technique in the Disector Countor, version 1.0 software, and the data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 3). (*p<0.05 vs con; ^# p<0.05 vs DM + shRNA) Abbreviations: con: normal control group; DM: diabetes mellitus group; DM +0: diabetes mellitus sham-knocked down group; DM + shRNA, diabetes mellitus GIGYF2-knockdown group.