Table 1. Demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics of T2DM patients and healthy control subjects.* .
| Characteristics | T2DM patients | Control subjects | p-value |
| (n = 26) | (n = 26) | ||
| Age (y) | 54.7±10.4 | 54.9±9.8 | 0.946 |
| Gender (Male/Female) | 17/9 | 17/9 | - |
| Education (y) | 11.2±3.8 | 10.7±3.2 | 0.586 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9±3.3 | 25.7±3.3 | 0.851 |
| Hypertensive, n (%) | 10 (38.5) | 11 (42.3) | 0.778 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 10 (38.5) | 9 (34.6) | 0.773 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 9 (34.6) | 10 (38.5) | 0.773 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 9.3±2.0 | 5.2±0.4 | <0.0001** |
| Postprandial glucose (mmol/L) | 13.8±4.4 | 6.6±0.8 | <0.0001** |
| Diabetes duration (y), median (range) | 7 (1–26) | - | - |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.3±1.4 | - | - |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L) | 0.53±0.18 | - | - |
| HOMA2-S% | 81.6±39.4 | - | - |
| ABI | 1.02±0.16 | - | - |
| UACR, median (range) | 1.0 (0.2–16) | - | - |
| MMSE | 27.8±2.5 | 28.3±1.3 | 0.137 |
| MoCA, median (range) | 24.0 (17–29) | 26.5 (19–30) | 0.007** |
| CDT, median (range) | 2.5 (1–4) | 4 (1–4) | 0.002** |
| Classical MRI markers of SVD | |||
| Large vessel infarcts | None | None | - |
| Lacunar infarcts, n (%) | 2 (7.7) | 2 (7.7) | - |
| WMLs, median (range) | 4 (0–10) | 4 (0–10) | 0.500 |
*Data are presented as the mean ± SD unless otherwise noted; ** p<0.05.
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA2-S%, homeostasis model assessment for insulin sensitivity; ABI, ankle-brachial index; UACR, urine albumin creatinine ratio; MMSE, Mini Mental State Exam; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; CDT, clock drawing test; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SVD, small vessel disease; WMLs, white matter lesions (these were assessed in both hemispheres using the Wahlund age-related white matter changes scale [40]).