Table 2.
1 H NMR data for metabolites in rat serum and significant changes of potential biomarkers
| No | Metabolites a | Moieties | δ 1H (multiplicity b) | Selected signal | AMI/ | GB/ | OD/ | SC/ | SGBO/ | SGB/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sham c | AMI c | AMI c | AMI c | AMI c | AMI c | |||||
| 1 | lipoproteins | CH 3(CH2)n CH 3CH2CH2C= | 0.90 (br. t) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 2 | leucine | δCH3, δ′CH3, βCH2, γCH | 1.00 (d), 1.02 (d), 1.67 (m), 1.73 (m), 3.75 (m) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 3 | isoleucine | δCH3, γ′CH3, γCH2, βCH, αCH | 1.02 (t), 1.07 (d), 1.30 (m), 1.51 (m), 1.99 (m), 3.68 (d) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 4 | valine | γ′CH3, γCH3, βCH, αCH | 1.05 (d), 1.11 (d), 2.30 (m), 3.66 (d) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 5 | β-HB | CH3, CH2, CH | 1.25 (d), 2.29 (m), 2.39 (m), 4.14 (m) | 1.25 | ↓** | - | - | ↑** | - | ↑* |
| 6 | FA | CH3(CH 2)n, CH 2CH2CO, CH 2-C = C, CH 2-C = O, =C-CH 2-C= | 1.34 (m), 1.63 (m), 2.09 (m), 2.29 (m), 2.80 (m) | 1.34 | ↑* | - | - | - | - | - |
| 7 | lactate | βCH3, αCH | 1.39 (d), 4.18 (q) | 1.39 | ↑*** | - | - | - | ↓*** | ↓** |
| 8 | alanine | βCH3, αCH | 1.54 (d), 3.82 (q) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 9 | lysine | γCH2, δCH2, βCH2, ϵCH2, αCH | 1.53 (m), 1.75 (m), 1.94 (m), 3.05 (t), 3.83 (t) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 10 | acetate | CH3 | 1.98 (s) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 11 | NAG | CH3 | 2.09 (s) | 2.09 | ↑* | - | - | - | - | - |
| 12 | OAG | CH3 | 2.19 (s) | 2.19 | ↑*** | - | - | - | ↓** | ↓** |
| 13 | acetone | CH3 | 2.28 (s) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 14 | acetoacetate | CH3, CH2 | 2.33 (s), 3.44 (s) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 15 | 2-ketoglutarate | βCH2, γCH2 | 2.46 (t), 3.03 (t) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 16 | glutamine | βCH2, αCH | 2.19 (dd), 2.50 (dd), 3.83 (dd) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 17 | creatine/phosphocreatine | N-CH3, CH2 | 3.09 (s), 3.99 (s) | 3.09 | ↑** | ↓** | - | - | - | - |
| 18 | choline | N-(CH3)3, αCH2, βCH2 | 3.25 (s), 4.09 (t), 3.55 (t) | 3.25 | ↓*** | ↑* | - | - | ↑** | ↑* |
| 19 | GPC | N-(CH3)3, αCH2, βCH2 | 3.26 (s), 4.32 (t), 3.69 (t) | 3.26 | ↓*** | ↑* | - | - | - | ↑** |
| 20 | PC | N-(CH3)3, αCH2, βCH2 | 3.27 (s), 4.16 (t), 3.60 (t) | 3.27 | ↓** | ↑* | - | - | - | ↑* |
| 21 | TMAO | CH3 | 3.32(s) | 3.32 | ↑** | - | - | - | - | - |
| 22 | methanol | CH3 | 3.42 (s) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 23 | glycine | CH2 | 3.61 (s) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 24 | glycerol | CH, CH2 | 3.81 (m), 3.71(m), 3.69 (m) | 3.69 | ↑* | - | - | - | - | ↓* |
| 25 | glucose | αC1H, βC1H, C2H | 5.28 (d), 4.69 (d), 3.29 (dd) | 5.28 4.69 | ↑*** | ↓** | - | - | ↓* | ↓** |
| 26 | PUFA | -CH = CH-, CH2 | 5.35 (m), 2.83 (m) | 5.35 | ↑** | - | - | - | - | - |
| 27 | tyrosine | CH, CH | 7.23 (m), 6.94 (m) | 7.23 | ↑** | - | - | - | - | - |
| 28 | 1-methylhistidine | C4H, C2H | 7.09 (s), 7.81 (s) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 29 | phenylalanine | αCH, C2H/ C6H, C4H,C3H/ C5H | 3.99 (m), 7.34 (m), 7.39 (m), 7.41 (m) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 30 | formate | HCOOH | 8.52 (s) | 8.52 | ↑** | - | - | - | - | - |
| 31 | albumin | Lysyl-CH2 | 3.05 (m) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
aMetabolites: LDL, low density lipoprotein; VLDL, very low density lipoprotein; β-HB, β-hydroxybutyrate; FA, fatty acid; NAG, N-acetyl-glycoprotein; OAG, O-acetyl-glycoprotein; GPC, glycerophosphocholine; PC, phosphocholine; TMAO, trimethylamineoxide; PUFA, polyunsaturated lipids.
bMultiplicity: singlet (s), doublets (d), triplets (t), doublet of doublets (dd), multiplets (m), quartets (q).
cSh/C, G/C, D/C, S/C, SDG/C and SG/C represent sham group, schizandrin group, ophiopogonin D group, ginsenosides group, SDG group, and SG group compared to control group, respectively. ↑ indicates relative increase in signal, ↓ indicates relative decrease in signal, *represents a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05), **represents p < 0.01, ***represents p < 0.001.