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. 2014 Sep 20;11:166. doi: 10.1186/s12974-014-0166-7

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Pairwise TLR activation results in a distinct profile of cytokines and chemokines in microglia. Purified microglia were stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL), Pam3CysSK4 (Pam, 100 ng/mL), loxoribine (lox, 1 mM), or CpG ODN (CpG, 1 μM) alone or simultaneously with pairwise combinations of the ligands, as indicated. PBS served as control. Supernatants were analyzed by (A) TNF-α ELISA (mean ± SEM of five independent experiments run with duplicates) and flow cytometry-based multiple analyte detection for several cytokine/chemokine levels, as indicated (mean ± SEM of four independent experiments) after 24 h, or by (B) Griess reaction for NO content (mean ± SEM of five independent experiments run with duplicates) after 48 h. ANOVA with Bonferroni-selected pairs of each individual ligand vs. combination of ligands, as indicated. P* <0.05; P** <0.005; P*** <0.001; n.d., not detected.