Figure 2.

Experimental setup. The subject’s dominant hand was strapped to the wooden support. Two pairs of bipolar EMG electrodes were used to capture the activity of the wrist and finger extensor (shown) and flexor (not shown) muscles. Ground electrode was placed around the wrist. The subject controlled the closed-loop system by exerting nearly isometric contractions of the wrist and finger muscles. Two concentric electrodes were placed next to the recording ones to deliver the electrotactile feedback.