Table 1.
Ordinary least-squares regressions to predict a scientific summary’s rated likelihood (models 1, 3, 5, and 7) or average rated likelihood (models 2, 4, 6, and 8) of being shared
| Predictor variables | Comparison between scientific discoveries | Comparison within scientific discoveries | ||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | |
| Author characteristics | ||||||||
| Male | −0.165** | −0.166** | −0.040 | −0.031 | −0.065 | −0.071 | −0.020 | −0.012 |
| (0.067) | (0.067) | (0.040) | (0.042) | (0.102) | (0.091) | (0.064) | (0.060) | |
| Caucasian | −0.033 | −0.046 | −0.036 | −0.042 | 0.089 | 0.066 | 0.006 | −0.007 |
| (0.093) | (0.094) | (0.051) | (0.051) | (0.157) | (0.140) | (0.096) | (0.091) | |
| Asian | −0.384**** | −0.391**** | −0.119* | −0.106 | −0.127 | −0.151 | 0.002 | −0.019 |
| (0.110) | (0.111) | (0.063) | (0.064) | (0.191) | (0.168) | (0.114) | (0.110) | |
| Age | −0.001 | −0.001 | −0.001 | −0.001 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.004* | −0.004 |
| (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
| Professor | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.044 | 0.043 | −0.088 | −0.005 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| (0.062) | 0.063 | (0.035) | (0.036) | (0.103) | (0.003) | (0.061) | (0.060) | |
| Rater characteristics | ||||||||
| Male | 0.174**** | — | 0.077** | — | 0.184**** | — | 0.083** | — |
| (0.042) | — | (0.031) | — | (0.042) | — | (0.033) | — | |
| Caucasian | −0.167*** | — | −0.009 | — | −0.160*** | — | −0.016 | — |
| (0.057) | — | (0.044) | — | (0.059) | — | (0.045) | — | |
| Asian | 0.146* | — | 0.078 | — | 0.187** | — | 0.089 | — |
| (0.079) | — | (0.059) | — | (0.083) | — | (0.061) | — | |
| Age | −0.002 | — | −0.004*** | — | −0.002 | — | −0.004** | — |
| (0.002) | — | (0.001) | — | (0.002) | — | (0.002) | — | |
| Summary characteristics | ||||||||
| LIWC positivity | — | — | 0.400** | 0.433** | — | — | 0.460* | 0.531 |
| — | — | (0.165) | (0.174) | — | — | (0.249) | (0.337) | |
| Wordcount × 10 | — | — | −0.005 | −0.005 | — | — | −0.003 | −0.002 |
| — | — | (0.003) | (0.003) | — | — | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
| Interesting | — | — | 0.374**** | 0.400**** | — | — | 0.367**** | 0.335**** |
| — | — | (0.015) | (0.037) | — | — | (0.016) | (0.061) | |
| Usefulness | — | — | 0.154**** | 0.152**** | — | — | 0.159**** | 0.267**** |
| — | — | (0.014) | (0.036) | — | — | (0.015) | (0.059) | |
| Reflects positively | — | — | 0.158**** | 0.122*** | — | — | 0.161**** | 0.091 |
| — | — | (0.017) | (0.045) | — | — | (0.018) | (0.067) | |
| Emotionality | — | — | 0.253**** | 0.274**** | — | — | 0.247**** | 0.201**** |
| — | — | (0.015) | (0.037) | — | — | (0.016) | (0.057) | |
| Comprehensibility | — | — | 0.009 | 0.017 | — | — | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| — | — | (0.012) | (0.029) | — | — | (0.013) | (0.046) | |
| Additional controls: Fixed effects for author's field, fixed effects for journal,† rater age missing (indicator),‡ fixed effects for rater participant pool‡ | ||||||||
| Article fixed effects | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Clustering by | Article | None | Article | None | Article | None | Article | None |
| Analytic weights | None | No. of Raters | None | No. of Raters | None | No. of Raters | None | No. of Raters |
| No. of observations | 7,478 | 845 | 7,478 | 845 | 7,478 | 845 | 7,478 | 845 |
| No of unique summaries | 845 | 845 | 845 | 845 | 845 | 845 | 845 | 845 |
| No. of unique articles | 474 | 474 | 474 | 474 | 474 | 474 | 474 | 474 |
| R2 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.51 | 0.72 | 0.15 | 0.73 | 0.54 | 0.89 |
Models 1–4 examine differences in what types of summaries are most likely to be shared. Models 5–8 include article fixed effects to examine differences in ratings of summaries of the same scientific discovery. SEs are shown in parentheses.
*
P < 0.10; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01; ****P < 0.001.
†
These controls cannot be included in models with article fixed effects (models 5–8).
‡
These controls cannot be included in models that have just one observation per article (models 2, 4, 6, and 8).