Fig. 1.

(A) Species are distributed along climatic gradients and occupy species-specific climate ranges, which can be characterized by three measures: the upper limit (red squares), the lower limit (blue squares), and the median (black squares) for which the highest species’ occurrence probability is suggested. (B) To explore the response of the climate range measures to traits, we related them separately against the traits using linear quantile regression analysis. We estimated the upper quantiles for the upper limits, the lower quantiles for the lower limits, and the median quantile for the median; a solid line indicates a slope significantly different from zero (increasing or decreasing) and a dotted line represents a nonsignificant slope. The area between the outermost regression lines represents the possible climate range species can occupy across their trait values whereas areas outside these lines describe no-go areas. (C) We distinguish three types of response patterns: (i) one-sided constraint, i.e., significant slope at only one limit (the upper or the lower one); (ii) two-sided constraint with reverse slopes at both limits; and (iii) constant shift with aligned slopes at both limits.