Table 1.

Functional-space occupancy and overlap per distributional group, for all Azorean species (n values in SI Appendix, Table S2) based on FRic estimated from the first four PCoA axes using a Gower distance matrix

Distributional groups	Spiders	Beetles
Functional space
Endemics	20.64 (−1.873)*	83.1 (0.550)
Natives	36.24 (0.567)	89.8 (−0.290)
Exotics	99.74 (0.687)	95.8 (−3.032)*
Overlap
Endemics–natives	19.01 (−0.047)	76.3 (0.148)
Endemics–exotics	20.55 (−1.917)*	79.9 (0.263)
Natives–exotics	36.04 (0.696)	88.3 (−0.409)
Endemics–natives–exotics	18.98 (−0.019)	75.9 (0.123)

PCoA axes 1–4 account for 71% and 77% of the total inertia for spiders and beetles, respectively. Results were standardized by the full volume expressed as (Endemics + Natives + Exotics) − (Endemics ∩ Natives + Endemics ∩ Exotics + Natives ∩ Endemics – Endemics ∩ Natives ∩ Exotics), to sum to 100%, where ∩ is the intersection between pairs of volumes or among the volumes. In parentheses: deviation from the null expectation (given observed SR) for the functional-space overlap between categories and among the three categories measured by the standardized effect sizes (SESs), i.e., (O − M)/S, where O is the observed value and M and S are the mean and SD, respectively, of 1,000 randomizations of the trait distribution for that plot. Negative SESs mean functional spaces and overlaps are lower than expected by chance and positive SESs mean the opposite, where * indicates 0.01< P < 0.05 and, in all other cases, P > 0.05.