Table 1. Anthropometric characteristics of infants at birth and baseline maternal characteristics.
| INFANTS | ||||
| All | HIV-exposed | HIV-unexposed | p value | |
| Sample Size | 102 | 39 | 63 | |
| Sex | 0.240 | |||
| Male | 52 (51%) | 17 (44%) | 35 (56%) | |
| Female | 50 (49%) | 22 (56%) | 28 (44%) | |
| Birth weight (kg) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.2 (0.44) | 3.1 (0.48) | 3.3 (0.39) | 0.028 |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g) | 8 (8%) | 6 (15%) | 2 (3%) | 0.026 |
| Birth length (cm) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 46.7 (0.22) | 46.0 (0.41) | 47.1 (0.22) | 0.010 |
| Stunted (<44.7 cm) | 8 (8%) | 7 (18%) | 1 (2%) | 0.003 |
| Birth MUAC (cm) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 10.7 (0.11) | 10.6 (0.19) | 10.8 (0.13) | 0.372 |
| Birth head circumference (cm) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 34.5 (0.17) | 34.2 (0.24) | 34.7 (0.24) | 0.127 |
| Small head (<31.5 cm) | 4 (4%) | 1 (3%) | 3 (5%) | 0.578 |
| MOTHERS | ||||
| All | HIV-positive | HIV-negative | p value | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 28.4 (5.9) | 29.4 (6.0) | 27.7 (5.8) | 0.168 |
| CD4 cell count (cells/µL) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 459 (330, 774) | |||
| Body mass index at Month 1 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 22.0 (2.6) | 22.2 (2.7) | 21.8 (2.5) | 0.483 |
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 8 (9%) | 3 (8%) | 5 (9%) | 0.790 |
| Parity (number of children) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.6 (1.7) | 2.7 (1.9) | 2.6 (1.6) | 0.660 |
| Water | 0.342 | |||
| Treats water | 77 (76%) | 27 (71%) | 50 (79%) | |
| Does not treat water | 24 (24%) | 11 (29%) | 13 (21%) | |
SD = standard deviation; Stunting was defined using WHO growth standards where length-for-age z-score (LAZ) <−2 (44.7 cm for infants at birth) is considered stunted. Likewise, small head was defined as a birth head circumference <31.5 cm, which corresponds to a head circumference-for-age z-score<−2; MUAC = mid-upper arm circumference, there are currently no MUAC cut-off values for infants at birth [29]; IQR = interquartile range; Treats water = maternal report that the household takes measures to make water safe for drinking, i.e. boiling, filtration.