Figure 3. B. malayi Mf lysate-stimulated monocytes impair CD4⁺ T cell proliferation and cytokine production.

5×10⁵ CFSE-labelled CD4⁺ T cells were incubated with 1×10⁵ monocytes left unstimulated (open circles) or stimulated for 24 h with 20 µg/ml Mf lysate (closed circles) for 3 to 5 days. A) Flow cytometric analysis of CD4⁺ T cells. Plots show dilution of CFSE over 3–5 day period of assay in T cells coincubated with unstimulated monocytes (left plot) or Mf lysate-stimulated monocytes (right plot). Graph shows the percentage of CD4⁺ T cells that divided. B) Cytokine expression was measured in the culture supernatant by ELISA. Horizontal dashed line indicates the limit of detection of the assay (pooled data from 4–6 experiments; n = 11–18). All data are represented as mean ± SEM. P values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.